Socialization
the process of learning to participate in a group
Self-Concept
an image of yourself as having an identity separate fro other people
Looking-Glass Self
an image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you
Significant Others
those people whose reactions are most important to your self-concept
Role Taking
assuming the viewpoint of another and using,that viewpoint to shape the self-concept
Imitation Stage
mead's 1st stage in the development of role taking: children begin to imitate behaviors without understanding why
Play Stage
mead's 2nd stage in the development of role taking: children act in ways they imagine other people would
Game Stage
mead's 3rd stage of role taking: children anticipate the actions of others based in social rules
Generalized Other
integrated conception of the norms,values,and beliefs of one's community or society
Me
the part of the self formed through socialization
I
the part of self that accounts for unlearned,spontaneous acts
Hidden Curriculum
the informal and unofficial aspects of culture that children are taught in school
Peer Group
set of individuals of roughly the same age and interests
Mass Media
means of communication designed to reach the general population
Total Institutions
places in which people are separated from the rest of society and controlled by officials in charge
De-socialization
the process of giving up old norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors
Re-socialization
the process of adopting new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors
Anticipatory Socialization
the voluntary process of preparing to accept new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors
Reference Group
group whose norms and values are used to guide behavior, group with who you identify
personality
a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking and feeling
Nature v. Nurture
Humans depend on others to provide care for physical growth and personality development.
Nurture is our Nature
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationa
Sigmund Freud's theory that humans have two basic needs and drives
1st, is the need for bonding called the "Life Instinct" or eros the Greek god of Love.
2nd, an aggressive drive called the "Death Instinct" or Thanatos the Greek word for "death".
Id
Latin for "it"
Freud's term for the human being's basic drives.
Example: demands for attention, touching, sex, and food.
Ego
Latin for "I"
Freud's term for the person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society. The ego arises as we gain awareness of our distinct existence and face the fact that we cannot have everything that we wan
Superego
Latin for "above of beyond the ego"
Freud's term for the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual. It operates as our conscience, telling us "Why" we cannot have everything we want.
Sublimation
The compromising of our selfish id drives into socially acceptable behavior.
Example: Marriage makes the satisfaction of sexual urges socially acceptable, and competitive sports are an outlet for aggression.
Jean Piaget
Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Studied human cognition, how people think and understand. He wondered not just what children knew but how they made sense of the world. Piaget went on to identify four stages of cognitive development.
1st The Sensorimotor Stage
2nd The Preoperational Stag
Cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Sensimotor Stage
First stage of Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development.
his term for the level of human development at which individuals experience the world only through their senses. First two years of life, infants know the world only by touching, tasting, smell
Preoperational Stage
Second stage of Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development.
His term for the level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols. Children enter this stage at age two. The began to think about the world using their imag
Concrete Operational Stage
Third stage of Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development.
His term for the level of human development at which individuals first see causal connection in their surroundings. Between ages of seven and eleven, children focus on how and why things happen
Formal Operational Stage
Fourth stage of Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development.
His term for the level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically.
Example: understanding the question "what do you want to be when you grow up?", instead of ans
Moral Reasoning
How people come to judge situation as right or wrong.
Lawrence Kohlberg
moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and w
Preconventional level of moral development.
The first stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development.
At first "rightness" amounts to "what feels good to me"
Example: a child may reach for something on a table that looks shiny, making it necessity to "Childproof" a home.
Conventional level of moral development.
The second stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development.
Appears by the teenage years. As your people lose some of their selfishness as they learn to define right and wrong in terms of what pleases parents and conforms to cultural norms.
Postconventional level of moral development.
The third and final stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development.
People move beyond their society's norms to consider abstract ethical principles. As they think about ideas such as liberty, freedom, or Justice, they may argue that what is law
Carol Gilligan
moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely different,
Carol Gilligan's Theory of Gender and Moral Development
Her theory is similar to Piaget's theory, but she focuses on the link between gender and moral reasoning.
She set out to compare the moral development of girls and boys and concluded that the two sexes use two different standards of rightness.
1st Boys ha
Justice Perspective / Rule-Based
Carols Gilliagan's idea of how Boys see rightness
The relying of formal rules to define right and wrong.
Example: Boys see stealing as wrong because it breaks the law.
Care and Responsibility Perspective / Person-Based
Carols Gilliagan's idea of how Girls see rightness
Judging a situation with an eye toward personal relationships and loyalties.
Example: Girls see stealing and are more likely to wonder why someone would stele and to be sympathetic toward someone who stea
George Herbert Mead
Primary concept of the self, the part of one's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image. Links self concept to role-taking. Three stages of self development: Preparatory stage, play stage, game stage.
George Herbert Mead's Theory of the Social Self
His theory of social behaviorism to explain how social experiences develops an individual's personality.
His theory involves concepts in seeing the self as the product of social experience. His theories involve:
1st The Self
2nd The Looking Glass
3rd The
The Self
Mead's term for the part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image
1st - The self develops only with social experience. The self is not part of the body and does not exist at birth. The self develops only as the individual i
looking-glass self
Charles Horton Cooley's coined this term for a self-image based on how we think others see us.
Example: if we think others see us as clever, we will think of ourselves in the same way. But if we feel they think of us as clumsy, then that is how we will se
The I and the Me
Mead's fourth point is that by taking the role of the other, we become self-aware. Another way of saying this is that the self has two parts. One part of the self operates as subject, being active and spontaneous, called the "I". The other part of the sal
Imitation
The 1st stage in Mead's Theory on how we Develop the Self.
When you are young you mimic the behavior behavior of other people without understanding the underlying intention.
Example: If you see your brother through a ball you do the same thing.
First Stage: Play
The 2nd stage in Mead's Theory on how we Develop the Self.
This involves assuming the roles modeled on significant others, people, such as parents.
Example: You may play the roll of mom or day however at this stage you only take on one roll at a time.
Second Stage: Significant Others
people, such as parents, who have special importance for socialization.
Third Stage: Games
The 3rd stage in Mead's Theory on how we Develop the Self.
You consider multiple tasks and rolls at the same time. Example: kids can play hide and seek because they understand the roll of both the person hiding and seeking. Also team sports like baseball.
Final Stage: Generalized Others
The Final stage in Mead's Theory on how we Develop the Self.
We can understand the attitudes, view points of others.
generalized other
Mead's term for widespread cultural norms and values we use as a reference in evaluating ourselves
Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development
Some point to childhood as the curtail time when personality takes shape. He took a broader view of socialization. He explained that we face challenges throughout the life course in eight stages.
Stage 1: Infancy
Stage 2: Toddlerhood
Stage 3: Preschool
St
Stage 1: Infancy
Stage 1 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development
The challenge of trust vs. mistrust
Between birth and about 8 months, infants face the first of life's challenges: to gain a sense of trust that their world is a safe place. Family members play a ke
Stage 2: Toddlerhood
Stage 2 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development
The calling of autonomy vs. doubt and shame.
The next challenge, up to age three, is to learn skills to cope with the world in a confident way. Failure to gain self-control leads children to doubt t
Stage 3: Preschool
Stage 3 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development
The calling of initiative vs guilt.
four and five year olds must learn to engage their surrounding - including people outside the family - or experience guild at having failed to meet the expectatio
Stage4 :Preadolescence
Stage 4 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development
the challenge of industriousness vs inferiority.
Between the ages of six and thirteen, children enter school, make friends, and strike out on their own more and more. They either feel proud of their
Stage 5:Adulthood
Stage 5 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development
The challenge of gaining identity vs confusion.
During the teen years, young people struggle to establish their own identity. In part, teens identify with others, but they also want to be unique. Al
Stage 6: Young Adulthood
Stage 6 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development
The challenge of intimacy vs isolation.
The challenge for young adults is to form and keep intimate relationships with others. Making close friends, and especially falling love, involves balancing t
Stage 7: Middle Adulthood
Stage 7 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development
The challenge of making a difference vs self-adsorption.
The challenge of middle age is to contribute to the lives of others in the family, at work, and in the larger world. Failing at this, people
Stage 8: Old Age
Stage 8 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development
The challenge of integrity vs despair.
Near the end of their lives, people hope to look back on what they have accomplished with a sense of integrity and satisfaction. For those who have been self a
Cultural Capital
The ability to take part in leisure activities, including sports, vacation travel, and music lessons.
Far less available to children growing up in low-income families.
Primary Socialization
The process by which children learn the cultural norms of the society into which they are born. Primary socialization occurs largely in the family
Secondary Socialization
occurs in later childhood and adolescence when children go to school and come under the influence of non-family members
Social Structure
Refers to social patterns that guide our behavior in everyday life. The building block of social structure are status & role.
Social Staus
A social position that a person holds that may change over our life time as you gain and lose status.
Example: Currently, I'm a husband to my wife, and a father to my kids. Before being a husband I was a stranger, friend, boyfriend, fianc�.
Ascribed Status
A social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life.
Example: I'm a male, and son.
Note: your ascribed statuses are likely to influence your achieved statuses.
Achieved Status
A social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort
Example: I'm a Husband, and Manager.
Note: You can achieve a positive or negative statue like a criminal.
Master Status
A status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life.
You may have one of more that dominate your life.
Example: President of the United States. Also Gender Race and ethnicity are included in this.
Role
Behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status.
Example: Student - Complete Assignments, Bartender - Make Drinks, Cab Driver - Navigate a city,
Role Set
a number of roles attached to a single status.
Example: Bar Tender - Make Drinks, Wash dishes, Take money, a little babysitting.
Role Conflict
conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses
Example: Best friend who later work for the same company and I end up becoming his supervisor.
Another Example: When you enter a Job that is dominantly help by the opposite gender.
Role Strain
ension among the roles connected to a single status
Example: A coach that plays the part of a cheerleader, then when faced with a underperforming person has to be a dream crusher.
Authoritarian leadership
Focuses on instrumental concerns, takes personal charge of decision making, and demands that group members obey orders.
Democratic Leadership
Include other members to contribute to decision making process
Laissez-Faire Leadership
a leadership style in which leaders offer minimal supervision
Milgram's Experiment
The study to see if people were likely to obey an authority figure in a white lab coat claiming to be a scientist. The "teachers" gave an electric shock to "learners" when they have a wrong answer.
Social class
A group of people in a society who are considered nearly equal in status or community esteem, who regularly socialize among themselves both formally and informally, and who share behavioral norms
Lower Class
The remaining 20% of the U.S. population. There low income makes their lives difficult. 40 million people or 13.2% of our population are classified as poor by the federal government. 50% complete high school. 1/4 reaches college.
Middle Class
A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers
Upper Class
Also known as the capitalist class in Weberian Model, It is the wealthiest and most powerful class in the United States.
Social Mobility
Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another
Structural Mobility
movement up or down the social class ladder that is due to changes in the structure of society, not to individual efforts
Poverty
A condition in which people cannot meet their basic needs for adequate food, clothing, shelter, education, or health
Federal Poverty Level
living under $23,550
Inequality
A human relationship marked by differences in power, authority, prestige, and access to valued goods and services, and by the payment of deference.
Wealth
An inclusive term encompassing all a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property.
Distribution of Income
the way in which income is allocated among families, individuals, or other designated groups in the economy