socialization
-lifelong process that develops our human potential & learn culture
personality
-persons fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking & feeling-by taking in our surroundings
John B. Watson
-Devoloped behaviorism-rooted human behavior not in nature but in nurture.
Behaviorism
-behavior is not instinctive but learned
Harry & Margaret Harlow
-Research with Monkeys-found that complete isolation for even six months eriously disturbed their development.
Sigmund Freud
-Elements of personality ID-EGO-SuperEgo. Two types of basic needs are the need for bonding & an aggressive drive. Life Instinct & death instinct.
ID
-basic drives
EGO
-conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure seeking drives with the demands of society
SuperEGO
-cultural values & norms internalized by a person
Sublimination
-changes selfish drives into socially acceptable behavior
Jean Piaget
-by watching his 3 children grow he identified the 4 stages of cognitive development =
sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational
Cognition
-how people think & understand
Sensorimotor
-experience through senses 1-2 yrs infant
Preoperational
-first use of language & symbols 2-6 yrs toddler
Concrete operational
-first see the casual connection in their surroundings*preadolescence
formal operational
-think abstractly & critically about 12 yrs adolescence
Lawrence Kohlberg
-built on Piaget's work to study moral development =preconventional
conventional
post conventional
Preconventional level
-judge rightnous by our own needs
conventional level
-learn to define right from wrong (teens)
post conventional level
-move beyond norm to abstract ethical principles
Carol Gilligan
-Gender plays an important part in moral development.
Justice perspective
-relying on formal rules to define right from wrong
Care & responsibility perspective
-judging a situation with an eye toward personal relationships
self
-G.H Mead's term for part of a personality composed of self-awareness & self-image
Looking glass self
-C.H Cooley's term for a self-image of how we think others see us
George Herbert Mead
-he saw the self as the product of social experience
Social experience
-the exchange of symbols
Charles Horton Cooley
-used the phrase Looking Glass Self to describe self-image
Self-aware
-taking the role of the other
Significant others
-people who have special importance for socialization (parents)
Generalized other
-cultural norms & values we use as a reference in evaluating ourselves
Erik Eriksons
-explained that we face challenges throughout the life course. He developed 8 stages of development
infancy
toddlerhood
preschool
preadolescence
Adolescence
Young Adulthood
Middle Adulthood
Old Age
Lower class standing
-chose obedience & popularity as important personal traits
Higher class standing
- chose imagination & creativity as important personal traits
Peer group
-social group whose members have interests, social positions & age in common
Anticipatory socialization
-learning that helps a person achieve a desired position
Mass media
-means for delivering impersonal communications to a vast audience Ex: tv, magazine, internet
Stages of life
-childhood-adolescence-adulthood-old age
Gerontology
-study of the elderly
Gerontocracy
-form of social organization where elders have the wealth,power & prestige
Ageism
-prejudice against the elderly
Cohort
-category of people with something in common
Total institution
-isolated from society & controlled by a staff
Resocialization
-radically change their personality & behaviors
Process of Resocialization
-break down existing personality & build a new self through a system of punishments and rewards
Institutionalized
-without the capacity for independent living