Second Exam Study Guide

Conformity

acting according to certain accepted standards

Deviance

the recognized violation of cultural norms

Crime

(criminal law) an act punishable by law

Anomie

Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.

Sexism

discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of the opposite sex

Gender

A socially and culturally constructed set of distinctions between masculine and feminine sets of behaviors that is promoted and expected by society

Sex

The biologically based categories of male and female

White Collar Crime

Corporate crimes committed by company officials without the overt use of force, and their effect on the victims is not readily traceable to the offender.

Obedience

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Self Identity

The ongoing process of self-development and definition of our personal identity through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to the world around us.

Social Control

the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society

Socialization

the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture

Self

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Self Esteem

a measure of how much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself

Drives

motivations that are inborn not learned, such as hunger, thirst, fear, and need for sleep. Also known as instincts.

Identity Crisis

distress and disorientation (especially in adolescence) resulting from conflicting pressures and uncertainty about and one's self and one's role in society

Emotions

Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior

Self Evaluation

A procedure in which a person compares his performance of a target behavior with a predetermined goal or standard; often a component of self-management.

Self Esteem

the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self

Attachment Disorder

An emotional disorder in which a person defensively shuts off the willingness or ability to make emotional attachments to anyone.

Family

a person or group of persons joined together by blood, marriage, adoption, or other bonds who are committed to each other and provide emotional support

Monogamy

having only one spouse at a time

Polygamy

having more than one spouse at a time

Patriarchy

a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line

Matriarchy

a form of social organization in which a female is the family head and title is traced through the female line

Looking Glass Self

Cooley's Term for the self-image that we develop from the way others treat us.

Requirements for Socialization

o 1.) social interaction: must interact in order to do this.
o 2.) language: lang shape culture or vice versa. Different way of looking at the world. Ex: English: egalitarian, conjugate by time. Spanish: familiar, formal tense, Japanese: equal, superior,

Effects of Restricted Socialization

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The Nature, Maintenance, Change, and Organization of the Self

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Origins of the Self

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Sexual Harassment

comments, gestures, or physical contacts of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome

Sexual Assault

Sexual contact that is committed without the other party's consent or with a party who is not capable of giving consent (such as a child or mentally handicapped individual).

Instinct Theory

a view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses

Capital Punishment

punishment by death for a crime; death penalty

Human Communication

the process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others by creating meaning through verbal and nonverbal messages

Evolution of Gender Roles

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Human Nature

the shared psychological attributes of humankind that are assumed to be shared by all human beings

Gender Inequity Worldwide

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Social Diversity in Socialization

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Types of Families

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Anticipatory Socialization

The process by which an individual learns to assume a role in the future.

Functions of the Family

1) socialization
2) regulation of sexual activity
3) social placement
4) material and emotional security

Agents of Socialization

The persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society

Instinct Theory

A view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses.

Dramaturgical Theory

the view (advanced by Erving Goffman) of social life as essentially a theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets.

Labeling Theory

an approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not

Classical Rational Choice Theory

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Deviance Vs Crime

deviance refers to all norm violations vs crime refers only to violations of one type of norm: laws

Communication between Women and Men

Men use talk to emphasize status, women use it to create connection; Women and men tend to approach points of conflict differently; Men and women view directness and indirectness differently; Women interpret male directness as an assertion of status and o

Evolution of the Family

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Control Theory

a view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms

Conflict (Critical_ Theory of crime

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Strain Theory

Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

Social Diversity of Families

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Differential Association Theory

Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers.

Biological Theories of Crime

focus on identifying and understanding unique qualities or characteristics of individuals and on showing how the presence or absence of some chemical, hormonal, or physical structure in our bodies is related to participation in illegal activities

Gender Socialization

The learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family.

Gender Inequality

The social construct that results in women not having the same rights, opportunities, or privileges as men

Nature v. Nurture in Creating Gender Differences

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Global Perspective on Conformity and Deviance

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Mechanisms of Social Control

Socialization; Sanctions: reactions of approval or disapproval of other's behaviors (positive vs. negative, formal vs. informal); Surveillance; Censorship

Gender and the Media

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Erving Goffman

Dramaturgy and Impression Management". Symbolic interactionist that believed everyone is always acting (dramaturgy). "Impression Management" managing the impressions others have of us.

George Herbert Mead

Symbolic Interactionism" Primary concept of the self, the part of one's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image. Links self concept to role-taking. Three stages of self development: Preparatory stage, play stage, game stage.

Rene Spitz

Similar to Harry Harlow's studies but with humans...compared infants in an orphanage with those in a women's prison nursery
after 2 years orphange were retarded
age four 1/3 of orphanage had died
prison nursery infants were fine

Harry Harlow

Monkey Contact" researcher that highlighted the importance of physical contact comfort in the formation of attachments with parents, development, contact comfort, attachment; experimented with baby rhesus monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire "mo

Anna & Isabelle

Attic Children"; anna was completely isolated, never recovered, and passed away; isabelle picked up language quickly and lived a relatively normal life

Amala & Kamala

Feral Children" / "Wolf Children"
raised by animals/wild - almost no language (howls, etc)

Helen Keller

Wrote The Story of My Life and The Frost King; American author, political activist, lecturer; first deafblind person to earn BA

Stanley Milgram

Shock Study" measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience., Contributions: wanted to see how the German soldiers in WWII fell to obedience, w

Solomon Asch

The Line Study" 1907-1996; Field: social psychology; Contributions: studied conformity, found that individuals would conform even if they knew it was wrong; Studies: conformity, opinions and social pressures

Charles Cooley

Looking Glass Self": imagine how we appear to others, interpret reaction of others, develop a "self-concept" (the way we think about ourselves), self-esteem, image

Emile Durkheim

Founder of modern sociology; had famous study of suicide as social phenomenon and argued deviance was resultant of hereditary and environmental factors, tried to establish sociology as an important academic discipline, social bonds exist in all societies,

Robert K. Merton

coined the term self-fulfilling prophecy and found the strain theory: if goals cannot be achieved through traditional means, then deviant behavior can occur

Travis Hirchi

Control Theory (Hirschi): explains why people don't commit crime. 1.Personal morality,2. peer pressure- usually friends wil disprove of crime, 3. Fear of being punished by the govt (weakest). Morality and pressure close together (strongest).
Weakness- doe

Edwin Sutherland

(Interactionist Theory)
"Differential Association": a person becomes deviant because they have an excess of definitions favorable to breaking laws as opposed to obeying them