socially constructed categories based on biological traits a society defines as important
Race
Three categories of race
Caucasoids, Mongloids, and Negroids
socially constructed categories based on cultural traits a society defines as important; shared cultural heritage
Ethnicity
any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural differences that a society sets apart or subordinates
Minority
a rigid and unfair generalization about a category of people
Prejudice
a type of prejudice that is a simplified description applied to every person in the category
Stereotype
a destructive type of prejudice, asserts that one race is innately superior or inferior to another
Racism
Scapegoat Theory
Authoritarian personality type
Culture theory
Conflict theory
4 Theories of Prejudice
theory that claims that prejudice results from frustation among people who are disadvantaged
Scapegoat Theory
Adorno theory that claims that prejudice is a personality trait of certain individuals, especially those with little education and those raised by cold and demanding parents
Authoritarian personality type
Bogardus theory that claims that prejudice is rooted in culture; we learn to feel greater social distance from some categories of people
Culture theory
theory that claims that prejudice is a tool used by powerful people to divide and control the population
Conflict theory
treating various categories of people unequally
Discrimination
Prejudice refers to _____; discrimination refers to ______
attitudes; actions
bias built into the operation of society's institutions (schools, hospitals, police, workplace)
Institutional prejudice
a state in which people of all races are distinct but have equal social standing
Pluralism
the process by which minorities gradually adopt the patterns of the dominant culture
Assimilation
the physical and social separation of categories of people
Segregation
segregation by law
De jure segregation
settings that contain people of only one category
De facto segregation
having little social contact with people outside of the community
Hypersegregation
the systematic killing of one group of people by another
Genocide
biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories
Miscegenation