Define sociology
The scientific study of human society and social interactions. Relies on empirical data to analyze society.
Define common sense
Common knowledge that people in a community accumulate over time and rely on to make day by day decisions. Not reliable to make accurate information about society.
What are common sense assumptions?
Often leads to in accurate conclusions, not reliable, often contradictory, often vague.
How does research differ from other understandings of society?
Research proves true data, common sense makes it difficult to comprehend critical thinking.
Define anthropology
Archaeology, cultural history, social linguistics
Define economics
Study of how goods, services and wealth are produced and distributed
Define history
Chronological record of past events
Define political science
Studies power and government
Define psychology
Human mental progresses and individual human behavior
What is sociological imagination?
A way of thinking about society in which you consider the impact of both micro and macro factors, the influence of both individual choices or actions and also the influence of the larger social structure or social forces larger than the individual
How could the sociological imagination explain 2 social phenomena?
- unemployment- the individual has little to no work skills, no transportation, jobs are lost, market declining
- divorce- individuals job consumes time, depression controls emotions, economy or money troubles could cause issues.
Berger contributed:
Sociology challenges students to question all assumptions
Comte contributed:
Sociology should use empirical methods to discover law of society and would improve human condition
Durkheim contributed:
Suicide is influenced by the groups and categories the individual belongs in.
Mil grim contributed:
Discovered people would hurt a stranger if instructed by authority
Mills contributed:
Sociological imagination
Spencer contributed:
Went against bias and supported objectivity in social sciences.
How is knowledge of sociology useful and effective?
It helps to better understand society, loves of people and groups, behavior of social beings. Without it, it is difficult to distinguish truth from what looks true
At the macro sociological level, attempts are made to understand:
The bahvior of individuals
Disciplines that use knowledge to solve actual problems would be considered:
Social sciences
How do society and social interactions affect a persons development of themselves?
The multiple status positions Individuals have contributes to their social identity. The statuses connect them to other people or groups.
What are the 3 paradigms of sociology?
1. Structural function theory
2. Conflict theory
3. Symbolic interaction theory
Define status
A position in a social system
Define role
The expectation associated with a status
What is ascribed status?
Occupied involuntary status
What is achieved status?
Acquired status
What is master status?
Of far greater importance than any other in shaping you
Define prescribed role
What society expects us to do
What is role conflict?
When expectations of a status contradict expectations of another
What is role strain?
When roles attached to a single status contradict each other
What are stages of role taking?
1.imitation
2. Play
3. Game
4. Generalized other
Define imitation
Imitating behavior without taking the role
Define play
Begonning to form role expectations
Define game
Flexibly applies general rules and role expectations
Define generalized other
Inner voice reminding us what role we are to play
Define looking glass self
1. How we appear to others
2. How we think our behavior appears to others
3. How we feel about their judgments
We often respond by comparing ourselves to others
Mead contributed
He believed the self was developed through role taking
Cooley contributed
Believed the self developed in a process that requires reference to other people
Goffman contributed
Believed every interaction begins with presentation of self
Who's theory was the looking glass self?
Cooley
Goffman compared social interaction to
Drama on stage
An individual uses this to tell the audience, or others that the self is not what it appears to be
Disclaimers
Define Goffmans dramaturgical approach
Compared social interaction to drama on stage
What is culture
The way of life of a people/ everything people in a society create,do and believe
What is material culture
Anything people make
What is non material culture
Language,values,norms,customs
Define socialization
The process that culture is learned and passed on
What are the agents of socialization
Family, schools, peer groups, and mass media
Define family
They give kids location, class, race, ethnic group
Define schools
Teach students to test achievements, discipline, cooperation, and obendience
Define peer groups
Important influence due to people attending school longer
Define mass media
They teach to consume goods
Define sex
Status that refers to biological characteristics
Define gender
Culturally constructed, describes expectations society has based on sex
How does race impact socialization and social interaction?
The social definition of race impacts socialization and social interaction, due to false assumptions and generalizations.
What is the impact of aging on individual identity?
How we are defined, what is expected of us and what we expect from others changes as we age.
Define id
Takes child like pleasure in things
Define ego
Rational part of the mind
Define superego
Last part of self to develop, moral part
Define category
A collection of people who share a common characteristic or status
Define aggregate
collection of units that are somewhat Associated with one another and that are combined into a whole
Define group
Involves interaction, a sense of belonging shared interests and a structure
Define primary group
Small, informal groups of people who interact in a personal, direct way
Define secondary group
Members interact in an impersonal manner, have few emotional ties
Define primary social group
Most important in shaping the human personality
Define secondary social group
Goal oriented and help society function effectively
Explain the impact of size upon groups and group members
Dramatic effect on member interactions
What are 2 types of leadership identified by Bales
Instrumental and expressive
Define instrumental leadership
Orgamize the group around its goals
Define expressive leadership
Resolve conflicts and create group harmony
Who wrote no man is an island?
John Donne