when did jobs and organizations change dramatically?
during the industrial revolution
this involved thorough study and testing of different work methods to identify the best most efficient ways to complete a job
the scientific management
this was when workers deliberately slow their pace or restrict their work outputs
soldiering
this is a group member whose work pace is significantly faster than the normal pace in his or her group
rate buster
who as the father of the scientific management
frederick w. taylor
describing taylor's four principles of scientific management first:
develop a science for each element of a man's work, which replaces the old rule of thumb method
describing taylor's four principles of scientific management second :
scientifically select, train, teach and develop the workman whereas in the past he chose his own work and trained himself the best he could
describing taylor's four principles of scientific management third:
instructed managers to cooperate with employees to ensure that the scientific principles were actually implemented
describing taylor's four principles of scientific management fourth:
divide the work and the responsibility equally between management and works
the husband and wife of frank and lillian Gilbreth is best known for the what
use of motion studies to simplify work
this broke each task or job into its separate motions and then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive
motion study
taylor also strove to simplify work but he do so how?
by managing time rather than motion
this worked by timing how long it takes good workers to complete each part of their jobs
time study
what does the gantt chart indicate?
what tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task
this was also the first thing to encourage companies to train and develop their workers
gantt chart
the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge, expertise, or experience
bureaucracy
the first element of bureaucracy is what
hiring people whose technical training or education qualifies them to do the job well
second, the elements of bureaucratic is what
promotion within the organization should no longer be based on who you know or who you are but on your experience or achievements. MANAGER not organizational owners decide who is promoted
Who was the man behind the bureaucratic management
max weber
third, the elements of bureaucratic is what
each position or job should be viewed as part of a chain of command that clarifies who reports to whom throughout the organization
fourth, the elements of bureaucratic is what
to increase efficiency and effectiveness, tasks and responsibilities should be separated and assigned to those best qualified to complete them
fifth, the elements of bureaucratic is what
an organizations rules and procedures should apply to all members regardless of their position or status
sixth, the elements of bureaucratic is what
to ensure consistency and fairness over time and across different leaders, all rules, procedures, and decisions should be recorded in writing
finally, the elements of bureaucratic is what
to reduce favoritism "managers" rather than company owners should manage or supervise the organization
this person was also important as a contributor to management and his ideas where shaped by his experience as a managing director and changed companies from the board of directors down
henri fayol
the human relations approach to management focuses on what
people
this is a approach to deal with conflict in which both parties deal with the conflict by indicating their preferences and then working together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both
integrative conflict resolution
this person believe that conflict could be beneficial
follett
follett believe that the best way to deal with conflict was what
integration
with elton mayo's hawthorne experiments, for the first time what happened
human factors related to work were found to be more important than the physical conditions or design of the work
this man defined an organization as a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons. in other words, organizations occur whenever two people work together for some purpose.
bernard
this person decided that if guns were made accurately enough, they could be made with standardized interchangeable parts
eli whitney
because of gaspard monge, what invention occurred
the techniques for drawing three-dimensional objects on paper were described
this is the amount of raw materials and the number of parts and finished products that a company has in its possession
incentory
the first technologies to truly revolutionize the business use of information were what
paper and the printing press
this is a set of interrelated elements or parts that function as a whole
system
this is smaller systems that operate within the context of a larger system
subsystems
this is when two or more subsystems working together can product more than they can working apart
synergy
this is systems that can sustain themselves without interacting with their environments
closed systems
this is systems that can sustain themselves only by interacting with their environments on which they depend for their survival
open systems
this holds that there are no universal management theories and that the most effective management theory or idea depends o the kinds of problems or situations that managers are facing at a particular time and place
contingency approach