Change agent
the person formally in charge of guiding a change effort
Change forces
forces that produce differences in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time
Change intervention
the process used to get workers and managers to change their behavior and work practices
Coercion
the use of formal power and authority to force others to change
Compression approach to innovation
an approach to innovation that assumes that incremental innovation can be planned using a series of steps and that compressing those steps can speed up innovation
Creative work environments
workplace cultures in which workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed, valued, and encouraged
Creativity
the production of novel and useful ideas
Design competition
competition between old and new technologies to establish a new technological standard or dominant design
Design iteration
a cycle of repetition in which a company tests a prototype of a new product or service, improves on that design, and then builds and tests the improved prototype
Discontinuous change
the phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition
Dominant design
a new technological design or process that becomes the accepted market standard
Experiential approach to innovation
an approach to innovation that assumes a highly uncertain environment and uses intuition, flexible options, and hands-on experience to reduce uncertainty and accelerate learning and understanding
Flow
a psychological state of effortlessness, in which you become completely absorbed in what you're doing and time seems to pass quickly
General electric workout
a three-day meeting in which managers and employees from different levels and parts of an organization quickly generate and act on solutions to specific business problems
Generational change
change based on incremental improvements to a dominant technological design such that the improved technology is fully backward compatible with the older technology
Incremental change
the phase of a technology cycle in which companies innovate by lowering costs and improving the functioning and performance of the dominant technological design
Innovation streams
patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage
Milestones
formal project review points used to assess progress and performance
Multifunctional teams
work teams composed of people from different departments
Organizational change
a difference in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time
Organizational decline
a large decrease in organizational performance that occurs when companies don't anticipate, recognize, neutralize, or adapt to the internal or external pressures that threaten their survival
Organizational development
a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions designed to improve an organization's long-term health and performance
Organizational innovation
the successful implementation of creative ideas in organizations
Product prototype
a full-scale working model that is being tested for design, function, and reliability
Refreezing
supporting and reinforcing new changes so that they "stick
Resistance forces
forces that support the existing state of conditions in organizations
Resistance to change
opposition to change resulting from self-interest, misunderstanding and distrust, or a general intolerance for change
Results-driven change
change created quickly by focusing on the measurement and improvement of results
S-Curve pattern of innovation
a pattern of technological innovation characterized by slow initial progress, then rapid progress, and then slow progress again as a technology matures and reaches its limits
Technological discontinuity
the phase of an innovation stream in which a scientific advance or unique combination of existing technologies creates a significant breakthrough in performance or function
Technological lockout
the inability of a company to competitively sell its products because it relied on old technology or a nondominant design
Technological substitution
the purchase of new technologies to replace older ones
Technology cycle
a cycle that begins with the "birth" of a new technology and ends when that technology reaches its limits and is replaced by a newer, substantially better technology
Testing
the systematic comparison of different product designs or design iterations
Transition management team (TMT)
a team of 8 to 12 people whose full-time job is to manage and coordinate a company's change process
Unfreezing
getting the people affected by change to believe that change is needed