Managing for Innovation & Change Takes a Careful Hand
Allow Room for Failure
Give One Consistent Explanation for the Change
Look for Opportunities in Unconventional Ways
Have the Courage to Follow Your Ideas
Allow Grieving, Then Move On
Since change is always with us, what should I understand about it?
Companies that do not adapt to change may go through five stages of institutional decline. Two types of change are reactive and proactive. Forces for change may consist of forces outside the organization�demographic characteristics, market changes, techno
Recognizing the Need for Change: Collins's Five Stages of Decline
Stage 1, Hubris Born of Success.
Stage 2, Undisciplined Pursuit of More.
Stage 3, Denial of Risk and Peril.
Stage 4, Grasping for Salvation.
Stage 5, Capitulation to Irrelevance or Death.
Fundamental Change: What Will You Be Called On to Deal With?
1. The Marketplace Is Becoming More Segmented & Moving Toward More Niche Products
2. More Competitors Are Offering Targeted Products, Requiring Faster Speed-to-Market
3. Some Traditional Companies May Not Survive Radically Innovative Change
4. China, Indi
Two Types of Change: Reactive Versus Proactive
1. Reactive Change: Responding to Unanticipated Problems & Opportunities
2. Proactive Change: Managing Anticipated Problems & Opportunities
reactive change
making changes in response to problems or opportunities as they arise.
proactive change
involves making carefully thought-out changes in anticipation of possible or expected problems or opportunities.
Forces Originating Outside the Organization
1. Demographic Characteristics
2. Market Changes
3. Technological Advancements
4. Shareholder & Customer Demands
5. Supplier Practices
6. Social & Political Pressures
Forces Originating Inside the Organization
1. Employee Problems
2. Managers' Behavior
Areas in Which Change Is Often Needed
People, Technology, Structure, & Strategy
1. Changing People
Perceptions
Attitudes
Performance
Skills
2. Changing Technology
Technology is not just computer technology; it is any machine or process that enables an organization to gain a competitive advantage in changing materials used to produce a finished product.
3. Changing Structure
flattening the hierarchy,"
Changes in strategy frequently require changes in structure.
4. Changing Strategy
Shifts in the marketplace often may lead organizations to have to change their strategy.
Resistance to change
an emotional/behavioral response to real or imagined threats to an established work routine. Resistance can be as subtle as passive resignation and as overt as deliberate sabotage.
The Causes of Resistance to Change
(1) employee characteristics, (2) change agent characteristics, and (3) the change agent-employee relationship.
The Degree to Which Employees Fear Change
Least Threatening: Adaptive Change
Somewhat Threatening: Innovative Change
Very Threatening: Radically Innovative Change
Adaptive change
reintroduction of a familiar practice�the implementation of a kind of change that has already been experienced within the same organization
Innovative Change
the introduction of a practice that is new to the organization.
Radically Innovative Change
involves introducing a practice that is new to the industry. Because it is the most complex, costly, and uncertain of the levels of change, it will be felt as extremely threatening to managers' confidence and employees' job security and may well tear at t
Ten Reasons Employees Resist Change
1. Individual's Predisposition Toward Change
2. Surprise and Fear of the Unknown
3. Climate of Mistrust
4. Fear of Failure
5. Loss of Status or Job Security
6. Peer Pressure
7. Disruption of Cultural Traditions or Group Relationships
8. Personality Confli
Lewin's Change Model: Unfreezing, Changing, & Refreezing
1. "Unfreezing": Creating the Motivation to Change
2. "Changing": Learning New Ways of Doing Things
3. "Refreezing": Making the New Ways Normal
SIX METHODS FOR MANAGING EMPLOYEE RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
1. Education and communication
2. Participation and involvement
3. Facilitation and support
4. Negotiation and rewards
5. Manipulation and co-optation
6. Explicit and implicit coercion
benchmarking
a process by which a company compares its performance with that of high-performing organizations
Kotter's Eight Steps for Leading Organizational Change
Steps 1-4 represent unfreezing
Steps 5-7 represent the changing stage
Step 8, corresponding to refreezing
1. Establish a sense of urgency.
Unfreeze the organization by creating a compelling reason for why change is needed.
2. Create the guiding coalition.
Create a cross-functional, cross-level group of people with enough power to lead the change.
3. Develop a vision and a strategy.
Create a vision and a strategic plan to guide the change process.
4. Communicate the change vision.
Create and implement a communication strategy that consistently communicates the new vision and strategic plan.
5. Empower broad-based action
Eliminate barriers to change, and use target elements of change to transform the organization. Encourage risk taking and creative problem solving.
6. Generate short-term wins.
Plan for and create short-term "wins" or improvements. Recognize and reward people who contribute to the wins.
7. Consolidate gains and produce more change.
The guiding coalition uses credibility from short-term wins to create more change. Additional people are brought into the change process as change cascades throughout the organization. Attempts are made to reinvigorate the change process.
8. Anchor new approaches in the culture.
Reinforce the changes by highlighting connections between new behaviors and processes and organizational success. Develop methods to ensure leadership development and succession.
What do I need to know to encourage innovation?
Innovation may be a product innovation or a process innovation, an incremental innovation or a radical innovation. Two myths about innovation are that it happens in a "Eureka!" moment and that it can be systematized. Ways to encourage innovation are by pr
invention
entails the creation of something new.
creativity
which is the process of developing something new or unique.
FACTORS THAT REDUCE AN ORGANIZATION'S ABILITY TO LEARN FROM FAILURE
1. Employees play the "blame game."
2. Employees suffer "self-serving bias."
3. Employees don't recognize that not all failures are created equal.
4. A company isn't a learning organization.
5. Employees are reluctant to experiment.
Two Myths About Innovation
Myth No. 1: Innovation Happens in a "Eureka!" Moment
Myth No. 2: Innovation Can Be Systematized
The Seeds of Innovation: Starting Point for Experimentation & Inventiveness
1. Hard Work in a Specific Direction
2. Hard Work with Direction Change
3. Curiosity
4. Wealth & Money
5. Necessity
6. Combination of Seeds
seeds of innovation
the starting point for organizational innovation.
Types of Innovation
Product or Process, Incremental or Radical
product innovation
a change in the appearance or the performance of a product or a service or the creation of a new one
process innovation
a change in the way a product or service is conceived, manufactured, or disseminated.
Incremental Innovations
the creation of products, services, or technologies that modify existing ones.
Radical Innovations
the creation of products, services, or technologies that replace existing ones.
Celebrating Failure: Cultural & Other Factors Encouraging Innovation
1. Culture: Is Innovation Viewed as a Benefit or a Boondoggle?
2. Resources: Do Managers Put Money Where Their Mouths Are?
3. Rewards: Is Experimentation Reinforced in Ways That Matter?
FOUR STEPS FOR FOSTERING INNOVATION
1. Recognize Problems & Opportunities & Devise Solutions
2. Gain Allies by Communicating Your Vision
3. Overcome Employee Resistance, & Empower & Reward Them to Achieve Progress
4. Execute Well
2. Gain Allies by Communicating Your Vision
Showing how the product or service will be made.
Showing how potential customers will be reached.
Demonstrating how you'll beat your competitors.
Explaining when the innovation will take place.