21) Performance is best described as
A) the likelihood that behaviors will be repeated without reward.
B) judgments about the adequacy or inadequacy of behavior.
C) behaviors directed toward an organization's mission.
D) how much an individual enjoys a wo
c) behaviors directed toward an organization's mission.
22) Which of the following involves making judgments about the adequacy of behavior with respect to certain criteria such as work group or organizational goals?
A) reliability
B) responsiveness
C) performance
D) effectiveness
d) effectiveness
23) In terms of the underlying causes of performance problems, leaders seem to have the most difficulty in recognizing and rectifying
A) motivation problems.
B) unclear expectations.
C) employee skill deficits.
D) resource shortages.
a) motivation problems.
24) One limitation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is that it fails to
A) consider an individual's higher-order needs.
B) place enough emphasis on an individual's lower-order needs.
C) address the general nature of the various types of basic human needs.
D
d) make specific predictions on what an individual will do to satisfy a particular need.
25) An individual's tendency to exert effort toward task accomplishment depends partly on the strength of his or her motivation to achieve success. This concept is called
A) problem solving.
B) customer orientation.
C) relationship building.
D) achievemen
D) achievement orientation.
26) Which of the following is the most powerful determinant of task behavior according to Locke and Latham?
A) values
B) goals
C) abilities
D) needs
B) goals
27) Which of the following would most likely result in consistently higher effort and performance?
A) assigning goals that are both specific and difficult
B) having goals that are very difficult to achieve
C) assigning "do your best" goals
D) having multi
A) assigning goals that are both specific and difficult
28) Which of the following statements about goals is most likely false?
A) Determining just how challenging to make goals creates a dilemma for many leaders.
B) Goal commitment is likely to increase with follower participation in goal setting.
C) Follower
D) Easily attainable goals result in higher levels of effort and performance.
29) Which of the following most likely occurs when leaders articulate high expectations for followers?
A) the Hawthorne effect
B) the Pygmalion effect
C) the Golem effect
D) the Hierarchy effect
B) the Pygmalion effect
30) Which of the following is most likely an example of a noncontingent reward?
A) performance bonus
B) annual salary
C) monthly commission
D) stock options
B) annual salary
31) Which statement best summarizes the components of empowerment as defined by the authors?
A) Leaders delegate leadership and decision making down to the lowest level possible and equip followers with the resources, knowledge, and skills necessary to ma
A) Leaders delegate leadership and decision making down to the lowest level possible and equip followers with the resources, knowledge, and skills necessary to make good decisions.
32) Which of the following is not a macro psychological component that underlies empowerment?
A) motivation
B) influence
C) learning
D) stress
influence
33) In the context of factors that affect worker motivation, which of the following is a macro psychological component that underlies empowerment?
A) meaning
B) influence
C) learning
D) competence
learning
34) Which statement about empowerment and the operant approach is most likely true?
A) A concerning situation can almost always be fixed, and followers are the only variable important in the performance equation.
B) By changing a particular situation, lea
B) By changing a particular situation, leaders can enhance followers' motivation, performance, and satisfaction.
35) In the context of team and organizational effectiveness, which of the following refers to people systematically overestimating their own performance in areas where they lack competence and readily dismissing any information to the contrary?
A) the Pyg
B) the Dunning-Kruger effect
36) Which of the following is the major theme of characteristics of the operant approach?
A) setting goals to change behavior
B) satisfying needs to change behavior
C) giving people autonomy and latitude to increase their motivation for work
D) changing r
D) changing rewards and punishments to change behavior
37) In the context of the fundamental needs that affect motivation, which of the following statements is true of the work of Daniel Pink?
A) Pink believed that followers need to be paid lower than market rates.
B) Millennials, Gen Yers, Gen Xers, and Baby
C) Pink maintained that rewards and punishment work well for motivating employees doing routine and assembly line work.
38) In the context of the factors affecting motivation at work, which of the following statements is true of the operant approach?
A) A shortcoming of the operant technique is that situational factors can overwhelm the effectiveness of a reward program.
B
A) A shortcoming of the operant technique is that situational factors can overwhelm the effectiveness of a reward program.
39) In the context of factors affecting motivation at work, which of the following statements is true of empowerment?
A) An empowered worker will have fewer choices in how and when to accomplish high work demands and will suffer from more stress than will
B) Delegating leadership and decision making down to the lowest level possible is a component of empowerment.
40) In the context of team and organizational effectiveness, which of the following occurs when effectiveness measures are affected by factors unrelated to follower performance?
A) criterion contamination
B) confirmation bias
C) pay dispersion
D) talent h
criterion contamination