social group
two or more people who identify with and interact with one another
primary group
a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships
secondary group
a large and impersonal social group who's members pursue a specific goal or activity
instrumental leadership
group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks
expressive leadership
group leadership that focuses on the group's well-being
groupthink
the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue
reference group
a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions
in-group
a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty
out-group
a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition
dyad
a social group with two members
triad
a social group with three members
network
a web of weak social ties
social media
technology that links people in social activity
formal organization
a large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently
tradition
behavior, values, and beliefs passed from generation to generation
rationality
a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task
rationalization of society
the historical change from tradition to rationality as the main type of human thought
organizational environment
factors outside an organization that affect its operation
bureaucracy
an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently
bureaucratic ritualism
a focus on rules and regulations to the point of undermining an organizations goals
bureaucratic inertia
the tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves
oligarchy
the rule of the many by the few
scientific management
Frederick Taylor's term for the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization