deviance
behaviors that violate significant social norms.
stigma
a mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society.
strain theory
looks at deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structures of society.
labeling theory
focuses on how individuals come to be indentified as deviant. Includes primary and secondary deviance.
degradation ceremony
the process of labeling an individual as deviant in which the individual is denounced, found guilty, and given the new identity as deviant.
white collar crime
a crime offense commited by people of high social status in the course of their proffesional lives. i.e fraud, embezzelment.
anomie
the situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable.
primary deviance
nonconformity that goes undetected by those in authority. Consists of the occasional deviant act and the acts that are well concealed.
Richard Quinney
a sociologist that says that the ruling class defines deviant behavior as behavior that threatens their power base.
criminologists
social scientists who study criminal behavior.
control theory
explains deviance as a natural occurance. is interested in why people conform, rather than the cause.
differential association
the frequency and closeness of associations that a person has with deviant and non-deviant individuals.
secondary deviance
results in the individual being labeled as deviant and accepting that label as true.
cultural transmission theory
deviance as a learned behavior
techniques of neutralization
people suspend their moral beliefs to commit deviant acts
crime
any act labeled as such by those in authority
terrorism
the threat or actual use of violence to achieve political goals
crime syndicate
a large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence
criminal-justice system
the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime
police discretion
police have considerable power to decide who's arrested
racial profiling
assuming that non-white Americans are more likely to commit crimes than whites
plea bargaining
(criminal law) a negotiation in which the defendant agrees to enter a plea of guilty to a lesser charge and the prosecutor agrees to drop a more serious charge
corrections
sanctions-such as imprisonment, parole, and probation- used to punish criminals
recidivism
term for repeated criminal behavior
Merton
strain theory
Hirschi
people develop strong social bonds in 4 ways
Sutherland
proposed differential association
Lemert
labeling theory(l)
Becker
labeling theory
Garfinkel
named degradation ceremony