The concept "McDonaldization" of society refers to
A. McDonald's organizational principles moving to dominate all of society.
B. the spread of McDonald's restaurants around the world.
C. society becoming more filled with red tape and inefficiency.
D. the

A. McDonald's organizational principles moving to dominate all of society.

Samuel Stouffer's study of soldier morale during World War II led to what conclusion?
A. The greater the chances of getting ahead, the happier people are.
B. Happiness is a matter of personal values and standards.
C. Whatever their situation in absolute t

C. Whatever their situation in absolute terms, people evaluate themselves and make comparisons to others relative to specific reference groups.

What is the correct sociological term for all people with a common status, such as "college students"?
A. a crowd
B. a group
C. a category
D. a network

C. a category

Which of these concepts was used by Robert Michels to refer to the rule of the many by the few?
A. bureaucracy
B. formal organization
C. oligarchy
D. authoritarian leadership

C. oligarchy

Max Weber argued that formal organizations were efficient, but he cautioned that they can have harmful effects on people. As he saw it, what is the danger?
A. Organizations create social inequality.
B. Organizations create conflict among workers.
C. Organ

C. Organizations create alienation.

Which concept refers to group leadership that emphasizes collective well-being?
A. democratic leadership
B. authoritarian leadership
C. expressive leadership
D. instrumental leadership

C. expressive leadership

Which sociological concept refers to a number of weak social ties among people who have little common identity and little interaction?
A. primary group
B. triad
C. network
D. dyad

C. network

A social group toward which a person feels competition or opposition is which of the following?
A. an in-group
B. an out-group
C. a reference group
D. a social network

B. an out-group

What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks?
A. democratic leadership
B. authoritarian leadership
C. expressive leadership
D. instrumental leadership

D. instrumental leadership

Solomon Asch's research, in which subjects were asked to match lines, showed that
A. people seek out friends with whom they tend to agree.
B. people defined as "leaders" have great power over their subjects.
C. people tend to see most things differently.

D. group membership has the power to generate conformity.

During the last fifty years, Japanese formal organizations have differed from those in the United States by being
A. less efficient.
B. less profitable.
C. more collective in their orientation.
D. more hierarchical.

C. more collective in their orientation.

The concept "bureaucracy" refers to
A. a large, normative organization.
B. any source of inefficiency in organizational operation.
C. an organizational model that operates informally.
D. an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficie

D. an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently.

Assume you are a parent of a child in school. From your point of view, what type of organization is a school's parent-teacher association (PTA)?
A. a normative organization
B. a coercive organization
C. a utilitarian organization
D. All of these are corre

A. a normative organization

The text speaks of "opposing trends" in today's world of formal organizations because
A. some organizations are getting bigger, but most are getting smaller.
B. men dominate formal organizations, but women are gaining quickly.
C. some organizations have e

C. some organizations have evolved toward flatter, more flexible forms, but others remain rigid organizations patterned by McDonald's.

Read the list of traits below. Which of these traits is NOT a characteristic of secondary groups?
A. large size
B. members have weak emotional ties
C. members have a personal orientation
D. often short-term duration

C. members have a personal orientation

Which type of leader encourages everyone in a group to have a say in what happens?
A. authoritarian leader
B. democratic leader
C. laissez-faire leader
D. expressive leader

B. democratic leader

Stanley Milgram's research, in which subjects used a "shock generator," showed
A. people become angry when others disagree with them.
B. the ability to withstand pain varies with cultural background.
C. people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders

C. people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also groups of ordinary individuals.

The scientific management approach was developed by
A. Frederick Winslow Taylor.
B. Robert Merton.
C. Robert Michels.
D. Rosabeth Moss Kanter.

A. Frederick Winslow Taylor.

Charles Horton Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships as
A. an instrumental group.
B. an expressive group.
C. a primary group.
D. a secondary group.

C. a primary group.

What concept refers to all factors outside an organization that affect the organization's operation?
A. oligarchy
B. organizational environment
C. secondary environment
D. competition

B. organizational environment

In general, we see _______ as a means to an end; we see _____ as an end in itself.
A. an expressive group; an instrumental group
B. a crowd; a category
C. a secondary group; a primary group
D. a primary group; a secondary group

C. a secondary group; a primary group

Which of the following is NOT a way in which today's U.S. business organizations differ from those a century ago?
A. Today, there is more creative autonomy.
B. Today, we find more use of competitive work teams.
C. Today's organizations have a steeper pyra

C. Today's organizations have a steeper pyramid shape.

Max Weber noted many traits of bureaucracy. Which of the following list is NOT one of them?
A. favoring family members over strangers
B. arranging offices in a hierarchy
C. enacting many rules and regulations
D. providing workers with highly specialized j

A. favoring family members over strangers

Which of the following is every society's MOST important primary group?
A. the peer group
B. the work group
C. the family
D. the play group

C. the family

From the point of view of anyone considered to be an "inmate," what type of formal organization is the person in?
A. a normative organization
B. a coercive organization
C. a utilitarian organization
D. a voluntary organization

B. a coercive organization

In your group, the leader is skilled at using humor to reduce tension and lighten serious moments. Which type of leader does your group have?
A. a democratic leader
B. a laissez-faire leader
C. an expressive leader
D. an instrumental leader

C. an expressive leader

Which statement correctly reflects Simmel's interpretation of the dyad?
A. Dyads are less stable than groups with many members.
B. Typically, dyads involve less intense interaction.
C. Most people find dyads less meaningful than triads.
D. Dyads are more

A. Dyads are less stable than groups with many members.

Which type of social group commands a member's esteem and loyalty?
A. an in-group
B. an out-group
C. a reference group
D. a social network

A. an in-group

Think about the process of McDonaldization. Looking at the list below, which one of the traits is NOT linked to McDonaldization?
A. efficiency
B. creativity
C. ability to calculate results
D. control through automation

B. creativity

Imagine you are watching several dozen passengers sitting in an airport gate area waiting to board a plane. These people are an example of a
A. crowd.
B. group.
C. category.
D. network.

A. crowd.

In brief, what does Rosabeth Moss Kanter's research show?
A. Organizations must "open up" their structure in order to bring out the best in their employees.
B. Employees who hustle are the ones who get ahead.
C. Organizational structure has little to do w

A. Organizations must "open up" their structure in order to bring out the best in their employees.

What type of leaders downplay their own power, letting the group function more or less on its own?
A. authoritarian leaders
B. democratic leaders
C. laissez-faire leaders
D. instrumental leaders

C. laissez-faire leaders

Which type of leadership style takes charge of making decisions and makes sure people do what they are told?
A. authoritarian leadership
B. democratic leadership
C. laissez-faire leadership
D. expressive leadership

A. authoritarian leadership

The tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves in order to keep going is called bureaucratic
A. retreatism.
B. ritualism.
C. innovation.
D. inertia.

D. inertia.

What is Robert Merton's term for a preoccupation with rules and regulations to the point of keeping an organization from accomplishing its goals?
A. bureaucratic ritualism
B. bureaucratic alienation
C. bureaucratic innovation
D. bureaucratic inertia

A. bureaucratic ritualism

You are part of a task force with a group leader who has a distant relationship with the group members and who is concerned with getting the job done. Which type of leader does your task force have?
A. a laissez-fair group leader
B. a democratic leader
C.

D. an instrumental leader

Samuel Stouffer's study of soldier morale during World War II led to what conclusion?
A. The greater the chances of getting ahead, the happier people are.
B. Happiness is a matter of personal values and standards.
C. Whatever their situation in absolute t

C. Whatever their situation in absolute terms, people evaluate themselves and make comparisons to others relative to specific reference groups.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the findings of Solomon Asch?
A. Many people are willing to compromise their own judgment to avoid being seen as different by others.
B. Many people have weak self-images and seek social approval.
C. Or

A. Many people are willing to compromise their own judgment to avoid being seen as different by others.

A temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact is a
A. crowd.
B. group.
C. category.
D. population.

A. crowd.

In principle, bureaucratic organizations pay little attention to
A. formal policies.
B. completing tasks efficiently.
C. tradition.
D. the technical competence of members.

C. tradition.

Which of the following is the BEST example of a secondary group?
A. a fraternity chapter meeting on campus
B. a Microsoft Corporation awards banquet
C. parents meeting with their daughter and her coach
D. girl scouts at a cookout

B. a Microsoft Corporation awards banquet

Which of the following illustrates the operation of "groupthink"?
A. A group shares information widely and makes an effective policy decision.
B. A group leader makes a decision without consulting anyone and the decision turns out to be a bad one.
C. Grou

C. Group members seek agreement that closes off other points of view.

Which concept refers to a social group with only two members?
A. a primary group
B. a dyad
C. a triad
D. a bond

B. a dyad

According to Deborah Tannen, what traits make up a "female advantage"?
A. a greater information focus
B. placing greater emphasis on communication
C. more flexible leadership
D. All of these are correct.

D. All of these are correct.

In the "iron law of oligarchy," Robert Michels stated that bureaucracy always means
A. inefficiency.
B. the few rule the many.
C. formal rules and regulations.
D. alienation.

B. the few rule the many.

Which type of formal organization do people join in order to obtain money and other material benefits?
A. normative organization
B. coercive organization
C. utilitarian organization
D. All of these are correct.

C. utilitarian organization

Which type of formal organization is sometimes called a "voluntary association"?
A . normative organizations
B. coercive organizations
C. utilitarian organizations
D. All of these are correct.

A . normative organizations