A social scientific theory should be all of the following EXCEPT
a) Falisifiable
b) Normative.
c) Generalizable.
d) Parsimonious.
e) Concrete.
Normative
Theory-driven social scientific research should be:
a) Transparent.
b) Skeptical.
c) Methodical.
d) Inferential.
e) All of the above.
Methodical
Which of the following is NOT a social fact according to Durkheim?
a. social solidarity
b. law
c. religion
d. natural selection
e. social stratification
d. Natural selection
Which of the following assertions is not consistent with Durkheim's theory of moral order?
a. Criminal punishment serves to strengthen solidarity.
b. Criminal conduct violates the collective norms.
c. Crime is merely reflection of class conflict.
d. Crime
c. Crime is merely reflection of class conflict
Merton argued which of the following points about the proper relationship between empirical research and theory?
a) Quantitative research is the only means of advancing sociological theory.
b) Investigating cases in depth that do not conform to our expect
B. Investigating cases in depth that do not conform to our expectations can help refine and extend theory.
A Durkheiminan might argue that, to the extent that members of the working class developed
a certain feeling of solidarity, it might be taken as an example of how the division of labor,
besides its obvious effects on increasing production, also had:
a) A
b. a latent function
Following from Merton's reinterpretation of functionalism, the latent function of mass
education could be
a) to promote public enlightenment.
b) to create human capital.
c) to increase literacy.
d) to socialize individuals.
e) to promote economic developm
d. to socialize individuals.
The process by which social norms and social roles are transmitted to individuals is called:
a) Socialization.
b) Habituation.
c) Rationalization.
d) Industrialization
e) Amelioration.
a. socialization
A parsimonious theory is one in which:
a) A few propositions are derived from many assumptions.
b) A few assumptions are used to build cogent propositions.
c) The underlying logic is clearly valid, reliable and falsifiable.
d) All of the above.
e) None of
b. a few assumptions are used to build cogent propositions
Which of the following would be classified as a non-material social fact?
a) The predominance of contractual law in societies.
b) The predominance of punitive law in societies.
c) The suicide rate in France.
d) The level of social solidarity within a soci
d. the level of social solidarity within a society.
Weber's principle of methodological individualism is premised on:
a) the individual as the basic unit of social analysis.
b) understanding micro-level motives behind macro-level change.
c) explaining purposive social action.
d) All of the above
e) None of
d) All of the above
Weber made which of the following arguments concerning orientations to action:
a) For purposes of explanation, we should assume a baseline of instrumental rationality.
b) Much social behavior is motivated by emotion (affect).
c) Both material interests an
d) All of the above.
For Weber, a motive can be described as
a) subjective understandings that guide social action.
b) an objective response to a situation.
c) a key factor in a criminal investigation.
d) All of the above.
e) None of the above.
a. subjective understandings that guide social action
In Weber's methodology of the social sciences an ideal type is
a) a normative description.
b) an imaginary device.
c) an analytical construct.
d) an accurate description of a historical formation.
e) the most desirable exemplar of a way of life.
c. an analytical construct
In Weber's thought, which basic factor drives social change?
a) Consensus.
b) Competition.
c) The division of labor.
d) All of the above.
e) None of the above.
b. competition
Which of the following is true of CLOSED social groups as defined by Weber?
a) They are typically grouped under the label of community.
b) They are characterized by LOW entry and exit costs.
c) They are characterized by HIGH entry and exit costs
d) Both a
d. both a and c
The Utilitarians of the 19 th century:
a) Tended to be environmentalists.
b) Condemned moral individualism.
c) Favored government regulation of markets.
d) All of the above.
e) None of the above.
e. none of the above
Enlightenment thinkers generally thought that the condition of society was:
a) Ordained by God.
b) Fixed in place.
c) Improvable through science and reason.
d) Best left in the hands of hereditary rulers.
e) All of the above.
c. improvable through science and reason
Bentham advised that if we wish to deter crime we should institute a system in which punishments are:
a) Swift.
b) Certain.
c) Proportional.
d) All of the above.
e) None of the above.
d. all of the above
Generally speaking, people tend to interact most frequently with others like themselves, resulting in
largely homogeneous social networks. In exchange theory this described under the principle of
a) Prejudice.
b) Social bias.
c) Status congruence.
d) Comm
c. status congruence
According to Adam Smith, the mechanism propelling the expanding division of labor in a capitalist
economy is:
a) Free economic competition.
b) The decline of traditional craft occupations.
c) General prosperity.
d) Smaller units of production such as work
a. free economic competition
When Utilitarians evoked the image of an "invisible hand" that would create social order they
meant:
a) The uncoordinated effect of each individual pursuing his/her self-interest.
b) The state advancing society through planned development.
c) Taxation.
d)
a. the uncoordinated effect of each individual pursuing his/her self-interest
Which of the following assumptions does Smith make in regard to human nature?
a) Humans being are generally altruistic.
b) Humans are generally self-interested.
c) Humans are inclined to "truck and barter" to get what they want.
d) Unless dominated by the
e. both b and c
According to Smith, factory production is more efficient than craft production because labor can be:
a) Combined.
b) Specialized.
c) Coerced.
d) Both A and B.
e) Both B and C.
d. both a and b
The kind of social solidarity based on the interdependence of group members is called:
a. Mechanical.
b. Organic.
c. Advanced.
d. Achieved.
e. None of the above.
b. organic
According to Durkheim, the transition from mechanical to organic social solidarity is initiated by:
a) The change from traditional authority to charismatic authority.
b) An increase in population density.
c) Social actors becoming more rational, selfish a
b. an increase in population density
A good material indicator of mechanical solidarity in a given society would the predominance of:
a) Penal law.
b) Civil and regulatory law.
c) Collective conscience.
d) Education system.
e) Superstition.
a. penal law
Historians describe the Industrial Revolution as a period during which economic
productivity was dramatically increased by:
a) A growing population.
b) A happier workforce.
c) Rational division of labor and new technologies.
d) Mercantile trade and feudal
c. rational division of labor and new technologies
According to Durkheim, a religion must contain which of the following:
a) Sacred objects.
b) Rituals.
c) Social organization.
d) All of the above.
e) None of the above.
d. all of the above
Durkheim refers to the state of heightened emotion and awareness that is experienced in
group rituals and events as ____________ .
a) collective effervescence
b) collective conscience
c) social current
d) group think
e) solidarity
a. collective effervescence
According to Durkheim, religion is an important and persistent social fact because:
a) Through rituals, the group is able to articulate and find meaning
b) Sacred symbols facilitate communication
c) The idea of the sacred constitutes and reinforces social
d. all of the above
Which of the following would Durkheim regard as the most important function of religious
behavior?
a) It heightens conflict with the secular world.
b) It produces communally integrative emotions.
c) It produces legitimacy to justify social inequality.
d)
b. it produces communally integrative emotions
Following Weber, which of the following is a possible outcome of charismatic movements?
a) they eventually collapse.
b) they become a rational-legal form of authority.
c) they are overthrown.
d) they become a traditional form of authority.
e) All of the a
e. all of the above
6. For Weber, legitimate authority can be achieved in relations of domination through
a) tradition.
b) legality.
c) charisma.
d) all of the above.
e) none of the above.
d. all of the above
To say that a social order is legitimate means that it:
a) is objectively preferable to the alternatives.
b) has achieved some willing submission of its subjects.
c) is based on false consciousness.
d) is scientifically justified.
e) All of the above.
b. has achieved some willing submission of its subjects
In which type of legitimate domination would the leader have the greatest discretion to rule
as he/she pleased?
a) Rational/legal.
b) Charismatic.
c) Traditional.
d) Monocratic bureaucracy.
e) All of the above.
b. charismatic
Following from Weber's theory of the rationalization of administration, we would expect to
see administrative systems most closely approximating monocratic bureaucracy in societies
where
a) the economy is monetized and market-oriented.
b) the range of gov
d. all of the above
According to Weber, the routinization of charisma could be observable in of which of the
following?
a) The creation of rules governing the succession of leaders.
b) The transference of charisma to impersonal institutions.
c) The transformation of beliefs
d. all of the above
Drawing on Weber's theory of political orders, which of the following statements would be
false:
a) In the ideal type legal/rational political order legitimacy rests
upon common allegiance to the rules.
b) In the ideal type legal/rational form of politica
c) Legitimacy in the ideal type charismatic political order is
based on formal laws.
Which of the following is NOT true of Weber's theory of bureaucracy?
a) It tends to spread because of the selective advantages it provides to
those in power.
b) The most rationalized bureaucracies have a monocratic chain of command.
c) The monitoring of c
e) None - all of the above are true of Weber's ideal type bureaucracies.
Which of the following ideal types of domination is NOT based on personal allegiance to bearer of power?
a) Traditional
b) Legal-rational
c) Charismatic
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
b. legal rational
Compared with pre-modern empires, Giddens might argue that expanding apparatuses of
bureaucratic governance have allowed modern nation-states substantially to increase their:
a) scope of rule.
b) intensity of rule.
c) legitimacy.
d) traditionalism.
f) mec
b. intensity of rule
According to Giddens, the modern nation-state is predicated on a historically unique claim
to:
a) territorially delimited political authority.
b) religious ideology.
c) domination by the strong.
d) the transcendence of capitalism.
e) imperial rule over ma
a. territorially delimited political authority
In Goffman's dramaturgical theory of social order, when actors convey disdain or discomfort with a
performance they are obliged or compelled to play this is called:
a) Dramaturgy.
b) Backstage revelation.
c) Dissimulation.
d) Role-distance.
e) Deference.
d. role-distance
For Goffman, behaving in public settings in a fashion that is congruent with one's social status is to
display appropriate:
a) Humility.
b) Anxiety.
c) Morality.
d) Affect.
e) Demeanor.
e. demeanor
Goffman's concept of face work refers to:
a) attempts by actors to manage their self presentation.
b) attempts by actors to disguise their physical appearance.
c) attempts by observers to humiliate actors.
d) attempts by con-men to defraud a mark.
e) atte
a) attempts by actors to manage their self presentation.
If members of a team conspire to help an actor save face in an unpleasant, difficult or embarrassing
social situation, it is probably because people prefer:
a) to humiliate others.
b) to maintain stability in their status group.
c) to reject status distin
b) to maintain stability in their status group
Which of the following might help us understand how power differentials arise from exchange
relationships?
a) The ability of actors easily to gain desired goods from alternative suppliers.
b) The willingness of actors to accept diffuse obligations when th
b) The willingness of actors to accept diffuse obligations when they cannot repay with a like good.
Generally speaking, people tend to interact most frequently with others like themselves, resulting in
largely homogeneous social networks. In exchange theory this described under the principle of
a) Prejudice.
b) Social bias.
c) Status congruence.
d) Comm
c. status congruence
According to Blau, repeated exchange tends to produce trust through the expectation of:
a) Class consciousness.
b) Reciprocity.
c) Isomorphism.
d) Clientelism.
e) Affection.
b) Reciprocity.
Blau emphasizes that social exchange is different than economic exchange because
a) social exchange generates broad rather than specific mutual
obligations.
b) in social exchange the value of goods is difficult to specify .
c) in social exchange the terms
d. all of the above
If people prefer to engage in social exchange among equals, what leads them to engage in exchange with
partners outside of their status group?
a) need for goods from unlike actors.
b) heterogeneity preference.
c) homophily.
d) prejudice.
e) moral values.
a) need for goods from unlike actors
How does Blau define the concept of social exchange?
a) social transaction, based on expected calculation of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.
b) economic transaction, based on calculation of material cost and benefit.
c) social relationships driven by coe
a) social transaction, based on expected calculation of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards