________ refers to the knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable.
human capital
What are the two primary functions of schools?
to educate students and socialize them
Which of the following is an example of what sociologist Phillip Jackson called the "hidden curriculum" in schools?
learning not to talk when the teacher or a classmate is talking
What were the findings of the Coleman Report, and why were they surprising?
The report found that differences in achievement among schools depended primarily on students' family background and their classmates; researchers had expected to find that the achievement gaps were caused by differences in school resources.
What have studies shown about academic performance in public versus private schools?
Private school students outperform their public school peers, even among students with similar backgrounds.
In his interview with Conley, Shamus Khan discusses his research on one of the most elite Catholic boarding schools in the nation. At that school, students make beneficial connections with people. These connections are an example of what sociological conc
social capital
What is tracking?
a way of dividing students into different classes according to their abilities or future plans
Leticia, a high school student who has been in remedial math classes for years, changes schools and is placed in a regular math class. She is sure she will fail and tries to switch classes, but the remedial class is full. Her new math teacher encourages L
the Pygmalion effect.
Best practices can be defined as ________
teaching methods that are supported by extensive research.
Studies show that when low-achieving students are placed in a class with mostly high-achieving students, their academic performance tends to improve. This is an example of the importance of ________
peer-to-peer dynamics
A ________ response to the question of why there has been a significant increase in the number of high school and college graduates in the United States over the past century might point to the simple rules of supply and demand�a need for a more educated
functionalist
According to conflict theorists, what explains the increase in educational levels in the United States?
As the education system expands, people seek additional degrees in order to maintain the elite status accorded to people with education.
The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) was originally created for what purpose?
to provide an objective evaluation of student ability
Affirmative action can best be defined as ________
a set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population.
Affirmative action has been found to affect the makeup of the student body primarily at what type of U.S. colleges and universities?
elite institutions
Socioeconomic status is a combined measure of an individual's economic and social position relative to others, based on any combination of which of the following groups of elements?
parents' level of education, parents' jobs, and family income and wealth
The ability to deal with bureaucracies and confidence in public social settings allow Liam's parents to be actively involved in the Parent Teacher Association at his school. These traits are an example of ________
cultural capital.
The achievement gap between black and white students decreases significantly when students from similar socioeconomic background are compared. What does this tell us about the connection between race, class, and educational outcomes?
Much of the achievement gap can be attributed to class.
________ is the fear that one's behavior will confirm an existing stereotype of a group with which one identifies.
Stereotype threat
Which of the following statements about changes in the boy-girl achievement gap during the past 30 years is true?
Girls have caught up with boys in many measures of educational achievement
The resource dilution model is a hypothesis stating that ________
parental resources are finite, so more children in a family result in fewer resources available to each child.
Research shows that the closer in age siblings are, the more they compete for family resources, ________
which negatively impacts their educational outcomes because they receive comparatively less attention.
In his interview with Conley, Steven Morgan discusses why high school students who attend Catholic schools generally outperform students in public schools. What does Morgan thinks accounts for this difference in performance?
parents' desire to see their children succeed
Which of the following is NOT a feature of capitalism?
The means of production are commonly owned
Feudalism was an economic system characterized by ________
lords who owned the land, vassals who managed the land and offered military protection, and serfs who worked the land.
Which of the following factors played a role in the development of capitalism?
new farming technologies
Limited liability is ________
a form of ownership that creates a division between the individual shareholder or executive and the business entity.
The idea that competition, not conflict, helps maintain social cohesion was put forward by ________
Adam Smith
You are a freelance graphic designer, and about six months ago you set up a PayPal account so that clients can pay you online instead of mailing you checks, in order to speed up the process. One of your clients has not expressed any interest in using PayP
inefficiency
________ is a system of payment whereby workers are compensated for the sum total of their services, not any specific task or hours worked.
salary
According to Georg Simmel's view of monetary payment systems, which of the following people is in the best position?
an analyst for a federal government agency
According to Karl Marx, workers in a capitalist economy are alienated from the product(s) they produce because ________
the production process is broken down among several people.
Socialism can be defined as ________
an economic system in which most or all of a population's needs are provided through nonmarket methods of distribution.
Max Weber highlighted the ability of ________ to generate social change.
ideas
How did the Ford Motor Company's introduction of the family wage help construct the idea of the traditional family?
It encouraged men to marry and have children, as the wage was not available to single men or married men without children.
According to the text, what is one way that wages were related to marriage in the early twentieth century?
The family wage impelled women to stay married, even if their marriages were oppressive
Americans work ________ hours than citizens of other industrialized nations and, for the most part, have ________ vacation benefits.
more, worse
Which of the following is an example of a service sector job?
cleaning someone's home
One of the trends in the current era of globalization is the establishment of trade agreements that ________
are multilateral
The champagne-glass distribution refers to ________
the shape of the unequal, global distribution of income
According to sociologist Nitsan Chorev, why might developing countries resist trade agreements that include labor and environmental protections?
Cheap labor in developing countries often gives them a comparative advantage
Political arbitrage is ________
the use of insider political knowledge to earn profits.
According to Milton Friedman, what is a corporation's sole social responsibility?
to increase its profits through legal means
Unionization rates in the United States have ________ over the past 60 years, and recent studies show that ________ workers are interested in being part of a collective bargaining agreement.
declined; more
Studies show that a primary concern U.S. workers have about unionizing is ________
management hostility to collective action.
The right of hereditary monarchs, like the King of Saudi Arabia, to rule is an example of ________
traditional authority.
Charismatic authority is authority based on ________
the personal appeal of an individual leader.
A key difference between legal-rational authority and traditional or charismatic authority is that legal-rational authority emphasizes ________
clearly defined procedures and rules.
________ is a mode of administration that governs with reference to rules and roles and emphasizes meritocracy.
A bureaucracy
The Milgram experiment shed light on ________
people's inclination to obey an authority figure even when asked to do something unconscionable.
Domination by authority is _______
the willingness of the ruled to obey the commands of legitimate authority.
As defined by ________, the state is "a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.
Max Weber
In which of the following examples is coercion used?
A bully pushes a younger student and threatens to beat him up if he does not hand over his lunch money
What is the paradox of authority?
As soon as an entity uses physical coercion to enforce its will, its legitimate authority is lost.
The ________ encourages states not to get involved in one another's internal affairs.
principle of noninterference
Many postcolonial states do not fit Max Weber's definition of a state because they ________
do not have a monopoly of the use of force within their territory.
A welfare state is ________
a system in which the state is responsible for the well-being of its citizens.
Which theory about the development of the welfare state connects economic development to social welfare benefits?
the logic of industrialism thesis
Sociologist T. H. Marshall defined three types of citizenship rights. What are they?
political rights, social rights, and civil rights
You believe your supervisor at work is a bad team leader and is jeopardizing the current project you're working on. However, you don't say anything to her or to her boss because you are sure that it won't change anything and that it could even result in y
the second dimension
A major American city has been debating building a light rail system for several years. The transit organization holds community meetings, conducts surveys, and performs numerous studies in an effort to devise a proposed plan that has the best chance of b
shape choices.
Which of the following is an example of hard power?
The United States enforced trade sanctions with North Korea.
________ put forward the idea that humankind's natural state is one of chaos and constant struggle and that the only way to survive is for people submit to authority (the state).
Thomas Hobbes
According to Barrington Moore, democracy has the best chance of taking root in a nation when ________
there is a strong business-owning class that can overcome the control of land-owning nobles.
Which of the following groups is most likely to have a collective action problem?
a city trying to fight efforts by Walmart to build a new store
________ is an organization that seeks to gain power in government and influence policy without directly campaigning for election or being appointed to office.
An interest group
According to your text, which of the following best describes political participation?
any activity that has the intent or effect of influencing government action
Political participation in the United States is highest among people ________
with high levels of education and high incomes.
Frances Fox Piven links American's low rate of political participation to the ________
political party system.
Compared to people in other industrialized countries, Americans are ________ likely to have religious beliefs and ________ likely to be affiliated with a religious institution.
more; more
In the context of religion, the ________ are the things of the mundane, everyday life.
profane
Which of the following religions is theistic?
Christianity
________ is a general movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief and toward a rational, scientific orientation.
Secularism
The argument that religion is used to perpetuate inequalities has its roots in which theoretical approach to studying religion?
conflict theory
Max Weber argued that the development of ________ was closely intertwined with beliefs and values of ________
capitalism; the Protestant Church.
The idea that religion sustains social unity by strengthening the collective conscience is an example of a/an ________ analysis of religion.
functionalist
________ is the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct religious groups in one society.
pluralism
In her interview, Jen'nan Read explains that some Muslims in America have chosen to continue religious traditions as a form of individual identity. Traditions such as the hijab worn by Muslim women make up part of what overarching religious theme?
the sacred canopy
Social desirability bias can affect responses in a study when the questions ________
have moral undertones
Attendance at religious services has ________ in the United States since the 1960s, and the number of people who say they have religious beliefs or a strong sense of spirituality has ________
declined; held steady or risen.
Examining the meaning and uses of religion in people's everyday lives is part of a ________ approach to the subject.
microsociological
Reflexive spirituality can be described as ________
an approach that encourages people to look to religion for meaning and wisdom rather than for absolute truths.
Why have social movements, such as the temperance movement of the nineteenth century and the civil rights movement of the twentieth century, been closely linked with religious institutions?
Religious institutions have provided an important infrastructure to help social movements pursue their causes.
Studies show that people with more education have ________ attachment to some of the more traditional religious beliefs and ________ levels of participation in religious organizations in the United States.
less; higher
What do Starke and Finke argue is an effect of American's pluralistic religious society?
What do Starke and Finke argue is an effect of American's pluralistic religious society?
Besides having a large size, what are characteristics of a megachurch?
onservative Protestant, located in the Sunbelt, stress family values
________ is typically an offshoot of a mainstream church, founded by people who stress rewards in the afterlife over worldly pleasures, that does not fit well with the surrounding social environment.
A sectarian group
A cult is ________
a religious movement that makes a new claim about the supernatural
The sect-church cycle helps to explain _______
the existence of so many types of Christian churches in the United States.
One theory about the growth of conservative churches is that ________
members value the high demands of a stricter organization and are more willing to commit time and energy.
________ can be defined as the theoretical framework within which scientists operate.
A paradigm
According to Thomas Kuhn, a paradigm shift occurs when _______
enough anomalies accrue to challenge the existing paradigm.
Which of the following is an example of how social factors can influence scientific research?
A wealthy alumnus of a large research university dies of complications from diabetes; in his will, he leaves millions of dollars to the university on the condition that the money be used for diabetes research.
Boundary work refers to ________
work done to maintain the border between legitimate and nonlegitimate science.
What is one of the primary claims made by Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar in their book Laboratory Life?
They claim that scientific facts do not simply reveal themselves through research but rather are constructed through a process that is heavily influenced by social factors.
The Matthew effect refers to the notion that ________
certain scientific results get more attention and have more influence based on the existing prestige of the researchers involved.
What is ironic about the growing threat of global warming?
The effects of global warming have the potential to alter human societies drastically; at the same time, the primary cause of global warming is human activity.
Which of the following statements about organic foods is true?
They do not contain genetically modified ingredients.
How might organic farming create stratification among farmers?
Many smaller farms cannot afford to meet all the necessary guidelines and maintain an organic farm, which allows megafarms to dominate the market and use their influence to change policies and guidelines to their advantage.
Which of the following is a benefit of genetically modified crops?
They may have better resistance to insects, diseases, and other predators.
According to your text, what is a major concern of critics of genetically modified crops?
Critics argue that changing the genetic structure of one organism can have negative effects on the whole ecosystem of which it is a part.
According to Ulrich Beck, a risk society is a society that ________
both produces and is concerned with mitigating risks that are unequally distributed by socioeconomic status and other dimensions of power.
Which of the following is an example of an external risk?
a parasite that attacks wheat crops
In The Next Catastrophe, Charles Perrow argues that ________
while disasters are an inevitable part of modern life, their negative impact can be reduced by dispersing their risks.
The green revolution refers to efforts begun in the mid-twentieth century to _______
introduce high-yield crop varietals and develop better irrigation systems, fertilizers, and pesticides.
The green revolution has been credited with ________ in developing countries.
helping food production keep pace with population growth
What is a sociological concern that has been raised related to the knowledge we now possess from conducting the Human Genome Project?
Such knowledge could increase stratification as people could be categorized as more or less useful or desirable according to what their genetic code says or predicts about them.
Alondra Nelson's interview on genetic testing and race explains the difficulties individuals encounter when trying to navigate the costs and benefits of finding out who they are and where they are from. What is one way in which African Americans particula
Records of slaves' origins are not complete or even in existence in many cases.
Reproductive cloning involves ________
making a genetic copy of an existing person or organism.
The digital divide refers to ________
unequal access to and knowledge of information technology based on socioeconomic status.
What is one argument for how the growth of the digital economy is a path toward reducing global inequality?
The digital economy levels the playing field between poor and rich countries because it does not have as many barriers to participation (such as physical distance).
In his interview, John Evans explains that Americans tend to accept genetically modified food, which resulted in much concern and protests in Europe. What is one reason Evans suggests for this difference?
The religious nature of the United States means that many citizens believe it is their role to dominate nature.
Collective action can best be defined as ________
action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation.
Which of the following is an example of mass collective action?
a boycott of a clothing manufacturer that has factories overseas where child labor is used
According to ________, collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place.
convergence theory
According to your text, which of the following is a criticism of contagion theory?
It downplays individual agency.
What is ironic about how we define ourselves as individuals?
We generally define our individuality in terms of our association with various groups.
A dynamic identity is an aspect of your identity that ________
is fluid
A social movement is ________
collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized.
What are the two factors that are used to distinguish between different types of social movements?
whose behavior they seek to change; whether the change sought is limited or radical
Which of the following is an example of a reformative social movement?
a movement that promotes a switch from standard incandescent light bulbs to energy-saving compact fluorescent bulbs in all American households
After several years of rising crime among teenagers in a particular city, citizens of a city band together to create more opportunities for recreational activities, jobs, and leadership training for young people. This is an example of what type of social
alterative social movement
The classical model of social movements proposes that social movements emerge ________
as a collective response to structural weaknesses in society that have a psychological effect on individuals.
Which of the following is a criticism of resource-mobilization theory?
The theory implies that social movements require the participation of powerful or elite members of society in order to be successful.
What are the three stages of social movements?
emergence, coalescence, and routinization
A social movement organization (SMO) can best be defined as ________
a group that develops to implement the goals of a particular social movement through activities such as member recruitment, fund raising, and strategy development.
What is the primary difference between a participatory movement organization and a professional movement organization?
the level of involvement of rank-and-file members
Residents of a small city learn that a big-box retailer is considering opening a new store near their community. Advocates on each side of the issue organize to promote their point of view�they hang banners and signs around town, write letters to local of
a grassroots organization
How might the rise of online associations be affecting the tradition of volunteerism in the United States?
People may actually be joining more organizations, but their participation may be more passive, involving less hands-on work and face-to-face interactions.
According to Georg Simmel, _______ societies are characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation.
premodern
Modern social organization began to replace premodern social relations with the rise of ________
scientific knowledge and the concept of rationality.
Postmodernity is characterized by _______
a questioning of the notion that society is always progressing forward.
In his interview, Doug McAdam explains that the Internet makes it easy for new social movements to disseminate their information broadly. However, he also notes some drawbacks, including which of the following?
Electronically based movements may not be able to take advantage of existing interpersonal relationships to mobilize behavioral change.