Affirmative actions
positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities
Amalgamation
the process through which a majority group and a minor group combine to find a new group
Anti-Semitism
anti-Jewish prejudice
Apartheid
a former policy of the South African government, designed to maintain the segregation of Blacks and other non-whites from the dominant whites
Assimilation
the process through which a person forsakes his or her cultural tradition to become a part of different cultures
Black power
a political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960's, that supported the creation of black controlled political and economic institutions
Color-blind racism
the use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo
contact hypothesis
an internationalist perspective that states that in cooperative circumstances, interracial contact between people of equal status will reduce prejudice
discrimination
the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons
ethnic group
a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns
ethnocentrism
the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others
exploitation threory
a Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the US as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism
genocide
the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation
glass ceiling
invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity
institutional discrimination
denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society
minority group
subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their lived than the members of dominant or majority group have over this
model,or ideal minority
subordinate group whose members supposedly have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally despite past prejudice and discrimination, and without resorting to confrontations with whites
pluralism
mutual respect for one another's cultures among the various groups in society, which allows minorities to express their cultures without experiencing prejudice
prejudice
negative attitude towards an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority
racial formation
a sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed.
racial group
a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have take on social significance
racial profiling
any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person behavior
racism
the belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior
segregation
the physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence workplace, and social events; often imposed on a minority group by a dominant group
stereotype
an unreliable generalization about all members of a group that doesn't recognize individual differences within a group
symbolic ethnicity
An ethnic identity that emphasizes concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage
transnational
an immigrant who sustains multiple social relationships that link his or her society of origin with the society of settlement
white privilege
rights or immunities granted to people as a particular benefit or favor simply because they're white.