stereotype
assumptions of what people are like, whether true or false
generalization
a statement that goes beyond the individual case and is applied to a broader group or situation
sociology
the scientific study of society and human behavior
theory
a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another
manifest function
intended beneficial consequence
latent function
unintended beneficial consequence
latent dysfunction
unintended bad consequence
random sample
a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study
stratified random sample
a sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the research
experimental group
a group of subjects exposed to the independent variable
control group
a group of subjects exposed to the dependent variable
independent variable
a factor that causes a change in another variable (dependent variable)
dependent variable
a factor that is changed by the independent variable
culture
language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior and materials passed from one generation to the next
material culture
materials that distinguish a group of people. ex: clothing
nonmaterial culture
group's ways of thinking and doing. ex: beliefs and behaviors
culture shock
disorientation people experience when they come in contact with a different culture and can't depend on their own assumptions about life
ethnocentrism
using one's culture to judge other cultures. +: in group loyalties. -: discrimination.
cultural relativism
not judging a culture, but trying to understand it on its own terms
symbolic culture
aka nonmaterial culture.
values
standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly
norms
the expectations, or rules of behavior, that develop out of values
folkways
norms that are not strictly enforced.
mores
norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values.
taboos
a norm so strong that it brings revulsion if violated
positive sanctions
a reward given for abiding by norms. such as a smile to a prize.
negative sanctions
an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal prison sentence or an execution
moral holidays
certain times and places where breaking norms are acceptable. ex: Vegas, Halloween
cultural leveling
the process by which cultures become similar to one another; globalization
correlation
causation vs. correlation. mutual relationship.
causation
causation vs. correlation. the act of causing something to happen.
Symbolic interaction
sociological perspective. society is viewed as composed as symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another
Functionalism
sociological perspective. society is composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium
Conflict theory
sociological perspective. society is composed of of groups competing for scarce resources. conflict, clashing.
survey
the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions
structured interviews
interviews that use close-ended questions
unstructured interviews
interviews that use open-ended questions
rapport
feeling of trust between researchers and subjects
participant observation
research in which the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting
secondary analysis
The analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers
documents
written sources that provide data; photographs, movies, newspapers...
unobtrusive measures
ways of observing people who do not know they are being studied
Sapir-Whorf
purpose of language. _____-______ hypothesis. language creates ways of thinking and perceiving.
positivism
Auguste Comte and ________. The application of the scientific approach to the social world.
Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer and _____ _____. Survival of the fittest.
Class conflict
Karl Marx and _____ _____. Struggle between workers and capitalists = engine of human history.
Social integration
Emile Durkheim and _____ _______. The degree to which people feel a part of social groups.
Verstehen
Max Weber and ________. German word best understood as "to have insight into someone's situation.
Social facts
Durkheim and _________. A groups patterns of behavior.
stereotype
assumptions of what people are like, whether true or false
generalization
a statement that goes beyond the individual case and is applied to a broader group or situation
sociology
the scientific study of society and human behavior
theory
a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another
manifest function
intended beneficial consequence
latent function
unintended beneficial consequence
latent dysfunction
unintended bad consequence
random sample
a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study
stratified random sample
a sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the research
experimental group
a group of subjects exposed to the independent variable
control group
a group of subjects exposed to the dependent variable
independent variable
a factor that causes a change in another variable (dependent variable)
dependent variable
a factor that is changed by the independent variable
culture
language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior and materials passed from one generation to the next
material culture
materials that distinguish a group of people. ex: clothing
nonmaterial culture
group's ways of thinking and doing. ex: beliefs and behaviors
culture shock
disorientation people experience when they come in contact with a different culture and can't depend on their own assumptions about life
ethnocentrism
using one's culture to judge other cultures. +: in group loyalties. -: discrimination.
cultural relativism
not judging a culture, but trying to understand it on its own terms
symbolic culture
aka nonmaterial culture.
values
standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly
norms
the expectations, or rules of behavior, that develop out of values
folkways
norms that are not strictly enforced.
mores
norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values.
taboos
a norm so strong that it brings revulsion if violated
positive sanctions
a reward given for abiding by norms. such as a smile to a prize.
negative sanctions
an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal prison sentence or an execution
moral holidays
certain times and places where breaking norms are acceptable. ex: Vegas, Halloween
cultural leveling
the process by which cultures become similar to one another; globalization
correlation
causation vs. correlation. mutual relationship.
causation
causation vs. correlation. the act of causing something to happen.
Symbolic interaction
sociological perspective. society is viewed as composed as symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another
Functionalism
sociological perspective. society is composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium
Conflict theory
sociological perspective. society is composed of of groups competing for scarce resources. conflict, clashing.
survey
the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions
structured interviews
interviews that use close-ended questions
unstructured interviews
interviews that use open-ended questions
rapport
feeling of trust between researchers and subjects
participant observation
research in which the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting
secondary analysis
The analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers
documents
written sources that provide data; photographs, movies, newspapers...
unobtrusive measures
ways of observing people who do not know they are being studied
Sapir-Whorf
purpose of language. _____-______ hypothesis. language creates ways of thinking and perceiving.
positivism
Auguste Comte and ________. The application of the scientific approach to the social world.
Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer and _____ _____. Survival of the fittest.
Class conflict
Karl Marx and _____ _____. Struggle between workers and capitalists = engine of human history.
Social integration
Emile Durkheim and _____ _______. The degree to which people feel a part of social groups.
Verstehen
Max Weber and ________. German word best understood as "to have insight into someone's situation.
Social facts
Durkheim and _________. A groups patterns of behavior.