Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of
id
The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that
without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action.
Human beings' basic drives, or needs, are reflected in Freud's concept of
id
In Freud's model of personality, the __________ represents the presence of culture within the individual.
superego
The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was
moral reasoning.
__________ refers to efforts to radically change someone's personality through careful control of the environment.
Resocialization
Nonverbal communication refers to
body movements, gestures, and facial expressions.
Which of the following concepts defines who and what we are in relation to others?
Which of the following concepts defines who and what we are in relation to others?
At a given time, you occupy a number of statuses. Together, these statuses form your
status set.
Which of the following concepts refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily taken on later in life?
ascribed status
Which of the following concepts refers to a social position that is assumed voluntarily and that reflects a lot of personal ability and effort?
achieved status
Which of the following concepts refers to a status that has very great importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?
master status
A role set refers to a number of roles
attached to a single status.
Joan is an excellent artist and enjoys her work, but feels she cannot devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing
role strain.
Many surgeons choose not to operate on their own children because the personal involvement of being a parent could interfere with the professional objectivity needed by a physician. This example involves
role conflict.
Assume a plant supervisor wishes to be a good friend and hang out with the workers, but the supervisor must keep a personal distance to remain objective in order to assess the workers' performance. This example involves
role strain.
According to Comte, societies in which stage of development begin to see society as a natural�rather than a supernatural�phenomenon?
metaphysical stage
The theoretical approach in sociology that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the
structural-functional approach.
The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as
manifest functions.
Unrecognized and unintended consequences of the social structure are called
latent functions.
Which of the following can correctly be called the "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change"?
the social-conflict approach
In the process of measurement, reliability refers to
whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results.
Which of the following is NOT one of the defining traits of a cause-and-effect relationship?
Both variables must be shown to be independent.
The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher
must try to be personally neutral about the outcome of the research.
Car, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following?
material culture
Which of the following concepts refers to the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together constitute a people's way of life?
culture
Sociologists define a symbol as
anything that carries a meaning to people who share a culture.
Cultural transmission refers to the process of
passing cultural patterns from one generation to another.
Wrong-doing such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity is an example of violating our culture's
mores.
Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population are referred to as
popular culture.
The concept "counterculture" refers to
cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held.
_________ refers to the recognition and more thorough understanding of something already in existence.
Discovery
The concept "ethnocentrism" refers to
judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture.
Cultural universals are cultural traits that
are part of every known culture.
A __________ refers to a temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact.
crowd
Charles Horton Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships as a
primary group.
A secondary group is a social group that
is impersonal and exists in order to accomplish some specific goal.
Which concept refers to group leadership that emphasizes collective well-being?
expressive leadership
Which leadership style takes charge of making decisions and makes sure people do what they are told?
authoritarian
Which type of group leader supports collective decision making on an egalitarian basis?
democratic
Which type of formal organization is sometimes called a "voluntary association"?
normative organization
If you were a prisoner, a maximum-security prison would be which of the following types of organizations from your point of view?
a coercive organization
The emergency room clerk who keeps a bleeding patient waiting while filling out extensive paperwork is a classic example of
bureaucratic ritualism.
The tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves�that is, to keep themselves going�is called
bureaucratic inertia.
Which of these concepts refers to the rule of the many by the few?
Oligarchy
Which of the following illustrates the "medicalization of deviance"?
a. promiscuity being redefined as a "sexual
b. theft being redefined as a "compulsive addiction" disorder"
c. drinking too much being redefined as "alcoholism"
d. All of the above are correct.
Which of the following sociological terms refers to the recognized violation of cultural norms?
deviance
According to Robert Merton's strain theory, which of the following concepts correctly describes people, including alcoholics
retreatist
Using the terms of Robert Merton's strain theory, which of the following terms would correctly describe a gangster like Al Capone who made a lot of money breaking the law?
rebellion
According to Robert Merton's strain theory, which of the following concepts correctly describes the behavior of a radical who rejects cultural goals and means in favor of some alternative system?
rebellion
The basic idea behind labeling theory is that
deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do.
Which of the following is Erving Goffman's concept that refers to a powerful and negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity?
stigma
The concept "retrospective labeling" refers to the process of
interpreting someone's past as consistent with present deviance.
Which of the following illustrates the "medicalization of deviance"?
a girl's sexual activity being redefined by her psychologist as a "sexual addiction
According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based mostly on
the moral values of the culture.
Which of the following concepts refers to crime committed by persons of high social position in the course of doing their jobs?
white-collar crime
Which of the following terms refers to the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf?
corporate crime
A hate crime is defined as
a criminal act motivated by racial or other bias.
Prostitution is widely regarded as one example of
victimless crime.
The concept "criminal recidivism" refers to
subsequent offenses by people previously convicted of crimes.
Which of the following are advantages of community-based corrections?
a. reducing prison overcrowding
b. reducing costs of dealing with offenders
c. avoiding the hardships of prison life, including the stigma attached to being incarcerated
d. All of the above are correct.
Social stratification is
trait of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences
Caste systems:
place people in one position for life.
The term "meritocracy" refers to social stratification
based entirely on personal merit.
The social position of people living in a class system is based on which of the following traits?
family background
A caste system is defined as
social stratification based on ascription, or birth.
The concept "structural social mobility" refers to
change in the social position of many people due to changes in society itself.
The Davis-Moore thesis states that
society must attach enough rewards to important jobs to attract the talent needed to perform these jobs well.
Following Karl Marx's analysis, we would expect to find alienation among which category of people?
the working people, or proletariat
According to Karl Marx, differences in wealth and power between the capitalists and proletarians leads to
class conflict.
__________ refers to change in social position during a person's lifetime.
Intragenerational social mobility
__________ refers to upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents.
Intergenerational social mobility
Which concept refers to a rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of people?
prejudice
Stereotypes are
exaggerated descriptions applied to everyone in some category
__________ refers to a belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another.
Racism
The adoption of the English language by Mexican immigrants to the United States is an example of
assimilation.
The concept "race" refers to
a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important.
Read the following statements about race. Which statement is CORRECT?
Many sociologists claim that the concept of "race" is misleading and even harmful.
Which of the following concepts refers to cultural heritage?
ethnicity
Which of the following concepts refers to a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged?
ethnic category
A minority is defined as a category of people who are
different in some visible way and also socially disadvantaged.
Read the following statements about minorities. Which statement is NOT correct?
All people in a minority category are socially disadvantaged.
Which of the following concepts refers to a rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of people?
prejudice
__________ refers to a belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another.
Racism
Based on scapegoat theory, you would conclude that prejudice is caused by
frustration among people who are themselves disadvantaged.
While prejudice is a matter of __________, discrimination is a matter of __________.
attitudes; action
Institutional prejudice and discrimination" refers to the fact that
bias is built into the operation of society's institutions.
Which of the following situations is NOT an example of institutional discrimination?
A mother wants her child to stay away from schoolmates of a different race.
Which of the following concepts refers to a state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have social equality?
pluralism
Assimilation refers to the pattern by which
minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant category.
__________ refers to the physical and social separation of categories of people.
Segregation
The Holocaust, in which the Nazis murdered millions of Jews, is an example of
genocide.
The family is a social institution that is found in
every human society.
Kinship is defined as two or more people who
are related by common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.
Jane is a woman married to one man. When she took a sociology course, she discovered that such marriages are described as:
monogamy.
A family unit that includes parents and children, as well as other kin, is called
an extended family.
A family composed of one or two parents and their children is called
a nuclear family.
In general, industrialization tends to change the dominant family form from
extended families to nuclear families.
The concept "endogamy" refers to marriage between
people of the same social category.
A system of marriage that unites two partners is called
monogamy.
A system of marriage that unites three or more people is called
polygamy.
The concept "patrilocality" refers to
a residential pattern by which a married couple lives near the husband's family.
__________ refers to a system of tracing family ties only through women.
Matrilineal descent
Which of the following is NOT counted among the functions of the family?
encouraging any and all family members to reproduce
The incest taboo
is found in every human society.
According to the structural-functional approach, the family
might be called the backbone of society.
The concept "homogamy" means that
people marry partners of the same sex.
The concept "empty nest" refers to
families whose children have grown and left the home.
Today's baby boomers are often called the "sandwich generation" because
they spend time caring for both children and aging parents.
Which of the following people would you pick as being at the highest risk of divorce?
a young couple who marry after a short courtship
Following Emile Durkheim, the ordinary elements of everyday life are correctly considered to be
profane.
The concept of sacred refers to what is
seen as set apart from everyday life and extraordinary.
Religion is a social institution that is BEST defined as involving
beliefs and practices concerning what is sacred.
Sociological analysis of religion is concerned with
understanding patterns of religious activity and their effect on society.
Guided by the symbolic-interaction approach, sociologists examine
a. how various rituals sharpen the boundary between the sacred and profane.
b. how religion gives our existence a measure of security and meaning.
c. the use of ritual and religious meaning to strengthen social ties such as marriage.
d. All of these responses are correct.
Karl Marx believed that religion
supports social inequality.
Which of the following concepts refers to the fusion of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in character?
fundamentalism
Which of the following religious organizations began as a cult?
a. Islam
b. Christianity
c. Judaism
d. All of these responses are correct.
A charismatic leader is most likely to be found in which of the following?
cult
Which of the following would you expect to be the LEAST stable type of religious organizations?
cult
Secularization refers to which of the following?
the historical decline in the importance of the sacred
Which of the following is a correct example of civil religion?
singing patriotic song on the Fourth of July
The claim that the United States is a postdenominational society is based on a movement
supporting spiritualism, but away from formal denominations.
While race refers to _________ considered important by a society, ethnicity refers to _________.
.