The division of labor revolved around survival, with the men hunting animals/foraging for plant sources of food. Women/children/elders cooked, sewed, and other tasks at the campsite. Based on domestication of animals/farming/generating surplus of resource
hunting & gathering & horticultural societies
The social & economic changes, including population increases, that followed from the domestication of plants & animals & the gradually increasing efficiency of food production. Better farming/techniques/tools. Division of labor fell largely along race/ge
the agricultural revolution
The rapid transformation of social life resulting from the technological & economic developments that begin with the assembly line/steam power/urbanization/science/medicine/transportation. Began in 1769 in England manufacturing labor. A lot of immigrants/
the industrial revolution
The recent social revolution made possible by the development of the microchip in the 1970s, which brought about vast improvements in the ability to manage information. Most recent of the historical & technological changes that have led to new economic &
information revolution
U.S. economy currently consists of some 11 "supersectors" or areas in which people work, two-thirds of these are in the knowledge or service sectors. Construction, education & health services, financial activities, government, information, leisure & hospi
Supersectors of the United States Economy
Those who work primarily with information & who create value in the economy through their ideas, judgments, analyses, designs, or innovations. Ex: advertising/engineering/marketing/product development/research/science/web designing
knowledge workers
Those whose work involves providing a service to businesses or individual clients, customers, or consumers rather than manufacturing goods Ex: banking/consulting/education/insurance/health care/investment/entertainment/retailing/tourism/transportation
service workers
An economic system based on the laws of free market competition, privatization of the means of production, and production for profit, with an emphasis on supply & demand as a means to set price. Owners must employ workers to make products & perform servic
capitalism
An economic system based on the collective ownership of the means of production, collective distribution of goods & services, & government regulation of the economy. No private for-profit-transaction. Seeks to meet basic needs of all citizens rather than
socialism
A system of government that eliminates private property; the most extreme form of socialism, because all citizens work for the government, considered all equal, & there are no class distinctions.
communism
Although capitalist businesses are privately owned, many benefit from gov. subsidies-grants, tax incentives, & special contracts = "corporate welfare" Ex: schools that are privately owned usually get gov. subsidies. This all has to do with:
The United States Economic System
Closely related to Karl Marx's theories = economic exploitation which allows "surplus value" Workers are paid for their time & labor, but their wages do not represent the full profit the sale of the goods they produce; extra belongs to the owner. Marx bel
industrial work
Dominant form of employment in the postindustrial economy that involves direct contact with clients/customers/patients/students bu those rendering the service. Situations arise when the worker's concerns, standards, & expectations conflict with those of c
postindustrial service work
More of information technologies work, diminished importance of place = death of distance = work that can be done on a computer can be done from any location. Increased productivity. Workers need to brainstorm & share ideas in more interactive ways than t
postindustrial knowledge work
Working from home while staying connected to the office through communication technology
telecommuting
Ways that workers express discontent with their working conditions & try to reclaim control of the conditions of their labor. Feel that they have some sense of autonomy even in the face of dehumanizing, alienating constraints imposed by the terms & demand
resistance strategies
Range from surfing the web during work to sabotaging the assembly line. Small autonomy especially in bureaucratic organizations. Being active rather than passive, controlling the interaction rather than being controlled by it. This all has to do with
individual resistance
Seek solutions to shared workplace problems include union organizing & membership, strikes, walkouts, & work stoppages. Form unions to improve their economic status & working conditions. This all has to do with:
collective resistance
Not all corporations are evil, and sometimes they act with great altruism. Ex: after 9/11 Jimmy Dunne had to rebuild the company, and take care of families of the lost members. The company's competitors began to help out, and soon the company started trad
The Best of Corporate America
The cultural & economic changes resulting from dramatically increased international trade & exchange in the late twentieth & early twenty-first centuries. Fostered through development of international economic institutions; innovations in technology; move
globalization
_______ refers to flow of goods & services that characterized international trade serval decades ago. National company would arrange w/ foreign company to either import or export products but exclusively w/in single nation's economy w/ taxes. ____ refers
shallow integration, deep integration
_______ purposefully transcend national borders so that their products an be manufactured, distributed,marketed, and sold from many bases all over the world. ______ a workplace where workers are subject to extreme exploitation, including below-standard wa
transnational corporations, sweatshops
______ are networks of corporations, product designers and engineers, manufacturing firms, distribution channels, & consumer outlets and travel widely. ____ "contracting out" or transferring to another country the labor that a company might otherwise have
global commodity chain, outsourcing
_____ marriage to someone within one's social group.
______ marriage to someone from a different social group.
______ the prohibition of interracial marriage, cohabitation, or sexual interaction
endogamy, exogamy, antimiscegenation
____ the practice of marrying (or being in a relationship with) one person at a time.
____ a system of marriage that allows people to have more than one spouse at a time
monogamy, polygamy
____ a system of marriage that allows men to have multiple wives.
___ a system of marriage that allows women to have multiple husbands.
___ a system of multiple-person partnership.
polygyny, polyandry, polyamory
Argue that society's survival requires institutions that can serve its essential functions: economic production, the socialization of children, instrumental & emotional support, & sexual control. Provides emotional support for its members & regulates sexu
structural functionalism
Family produces & socializes children to function efficiently in a capitalist economy, but they see this function as problematic. Believe society revolves around conflict over scarce resources & competition for time/energy/leisure to pursue recreational a
conflict theory
Consider it more effective to look at how family relations re created & maintained in interaction than how they are structured. Describing people in terms of family; making claims about rights, obligations, & sentiments existed w/in relationships. Constan
symbolic interactionism
___ the tendency to choose romantic partners who are similar to us in terms of class. race, religion, education, or other social group membership.
___ the tendency to marry or have relationships with people in close geographic proximity
homogamy, propinquity
____ the practical physical tasks necessary to maintain family life.
____ the emotional work necessary to support family members.
instrumental tasks, expressive tasks
A great deal of socialization took place around the dinner table; we learned about manners, as well as morality, politics, or anything else that seemed important to adults raising us. This all has to dow ith:
mealtime
Men began to leave their homes to earn wages working in factories. Women remained at home taking care of children and carrying out other domestic responsibilities. Now, women do the same and work a paid job thus they are more involved in second shift. Thi
gender and family labor
Children's experiences are shaped by family size/presence or absence of parents/socioeconomic status. Children can shape lives of parents; eventually take care of them. This has to do with ____.
Retirement citizens find themselves w/ limited resources. Ha
family and the life course, aging in the family
_____ is any physical, verbal, financial, sexual, or psychological behaviors abusers use to gain & maintain power over their victims.
____ is a common behavior pattern in abusive relationships; it begins happily, then the relationship grows tense, & tensi
domestic violence, cycle of violence
_____ is a form of child abuse in which the caregiver fails to provide adequate nutrition, sufficient clothing or shelter, or hygienic & safe living conditions.
____ is a proscribed sexual contact between family members; a form of child abuse when it occu
neglect, incest
In U.S. there's an increase of ____ - living together as a romantically involved, unmarried couple.
_____ is the physical & legal responsibility of caring for children; assigned by a court for divorced or unmarried parents
cohabitation, custody
Face special challenges, like when their children are in different stages of life cycle. Take more work to adjust to new living situation. More likely to end in a divorce than first marriage. This has to do with:
stepparents & blended families
___ refers to a young adult who is actively seeking a partner for a relationship/marriage.
___ may be caused by the growing economic independence of individuals today; resulting in less financial motivation for a marriage contract and religion.
single, cohabitation
Attitudes about this vary greatly & dependent on mother's age/job/education level/income. Challenging & difficult. This is ____.
Any of a variety of groups who form communal living arrangements outside marriage. This is ____. They have a common purpose; w
single parenting, intentional community
____ a social group whose members are bound by legal, biological, or emotional ties, or a combination of all three.
___ a large group of relatives, usually including at least three generations living either in one household or close proximity
family, extended family
___ relatives or relations, usually those related by common descent.
___ a heterosexual couple with one or more children living in a single household
kin, nuclear family