An individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories-male or female
sex
Term to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female
intersexed
The physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members
gender
The extent, much debated in recent years, to which inherent physical differences define the distinctions between the two sexes
human sexual dimorphism
_____ suggests that in some cases, biological differences may be result of culturally prescribed masculine and feminine behavior rather than the cause of it.
Lepowsky
Those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed. According to their view, you're either male/female-you have no other option. Chromosome/hormones/genitalia determine your identity, the way you interact an
essentialists
An individual's self-definition or sense of gender
gender identity
Those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many. See gender as social construction&acknowledge possibility the male/female categories aren't the only way of classifying in
constructionists
Literally meaning "rule of the father"; male dominated society
patriarchy
True or false? Male dominated society can be traced back to biological differences. Ex: males had to hunt/protect/ head of household therefore had more authority/power/strength while woman did the home/care activities. But this does not account to today's
true
The position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure. Talcott Parsons identified this, being tasked oriented/breadwinner
instrumental role
The position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing. Talcott Parsons identified this. It's important for the care of children and stabilizing the personality of the instrumental partner against the stresses of the competitive wo
expressive role
They believe that there are still social roles better suited to one gender than the other, and societies are more stable when norms are fulfilled by the appropriate sex.
functionalism
They believe have historically had access to most society's material resources and privileges&seek to maintain their dominant status. See gender inequality in much the same way they see race and class- manifestations of exploitation
conflict theory
Conflict theorists argue that gender inequality is just a derivative of class inequality-therefore it originates w/ private property. ___ noted capitalists benefited from maintaining patriarchal families, with women in private sphere and men in public wor
Friedrich Engels
Term describing an individual whose sense of gender identity transgresses expected gender categories. Their sense of self/identity differ from their physical sex. Ex: a female may have female genitalia, but identify as a man
transgendered
Individuals who identify with other sex and have surgery to alter their own sex so it fits their self-image
transsexuals
Emphasize how gender is socially constructed and maintained in our everyday lives. They see gender identity so important to our social selves that we can barely interact with anyone without first determining that person's gender
interactionists
The lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media
gender role socialization
Usually the primary source of socialization. Kara Smith argues the gender role socialization begins before the birth; if know sex-you start preparing for the baby. After birth, babies begin to respond/internalize expectations around them. Learning behavio
family
Girls and boys are frequently put in same-sex groups and assigned gender-stereotyped tasks, such as playing with dolls and trucks. Differences appear at playgrounds, each sex engage in different activities. Boys: get challenged more, can make teacher anno
school
Same-sex groups help create gendered behavior. When same sex group play together, their activities are more likely to be gender typed; girls have tea parties. Children may be punished or mocked by others for crossing over gendered borders. Groups can be e
peers
Movies/comic books/music etc. can influence/learn how to behave, how to be accepted, what to value, what is normal, and how gender fits into society. Becoming more persuasive in society, both sexes learn that certain activities and attitudes are more appr
media
Women tend to be more of the caregiver of the family, even after a divorce. If taking out time from work to care for their sick child, they may be seen as nonproductive time, and may face discrimination, and still face household chores at home called ____
second shift
True or false? Females tend to live long than males. Thomas Perls & Ruth Fretts believe that sex hormones estrogen & testosterone may be the possible cause. Testosterone is linked to aggressive/violent behavior/heart disease/harmful cholesterol in blood.
true
Women are more likely than men to finish high school and attend college, but men are more likely to attain a four-year and advanced degree and get paid higher/more. This all has to do with
education
Women are more likely than men to be found outside of labor force. Jobs that are traditionally female are undervalued/underpaid; pink collar jobs like nurses/librarians. Women are more likely to live in poverty than men. This all has to do with
work & income
The economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care
feminization of poverty
The unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor. Term coined by Arlie Hochschild
second shift
Men are more likely to die violent deaths & be victims of assault. Women are more likely to be victims of personal theft & victims of rape & victimized bu their intimate partner. Men represented in mostly all categories and women mostly in prostitution &
criminal justice
Belief in the social/political/economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief. Both a theoretical perspective & social movement
feminism
The earliest period of feminist activism in the US, including the period from the mid-19th century until American women won the right to vote in 1920. Began in Seneca Falls, NY organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott. Campaign issued Declarati
first wave
The movement organized around gaining voting rights for women
suffrage movement
The period of feminist activity during the 1960s and 1970s often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment & education. More closely associated with the right to vote; Betty Friedan's Feminine Mystique, National Organization for Wom
second wave
Dealt with women who expressed their sense of limitation & dissatisfaction they felt with their lives. It's because women were restricted from pursuing activities outside these traditional roles. Help try to push for equal opportunity laws
Betty Friedan's Feminine Mystique
The most recent period feminist activity, focusing on issues of diversity & the variety of identities women can possess. Beginning in 1980s-90s. Concern with rights of women in all countries & with environmental & animal rights. Marginalizing the concerns
third wave
A movement that originated in 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity. Confused what it means to be a "real man
male liberation
An offschool of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men.
men's right movement
An offshoot of male liberationism whose members support feminism & believe that sexism harms both men & women. Society will be happier if became less sexist. Argue that men should share more of the responsibilities of child care/economic disparities/viole
pro-feminist men's movement
The character or quality of being sexual, use to describe sexual behavior/desires/fantasies is called:____
The inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders is called: ____
sexuality, sexual orientation/sexual identity
Sexual desire for other genders - dominant - "straight" is called: ____
The tendency to feel sexual desire toward member's of one's own gender - minority - "gay" or "lesbian" is called: _____
Sexual attraction to both genders - minority is called: ____
In
heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, asexuality
____ developed a scale to measure a spectrum based on the degree of sexual responsiveness people had to members of the same & opposite sex. They took into account also the individual's fantasies/dreams/feelings/sexual activities
Alfred Kinsey and colleagues
Social theory about gender identity & sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference & rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity.
queer theory
Fear of or discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly gender-inappropriate behavior.
homophobia
A social institution that has played a particularly interesting role in creating & sometimes challenging sexual stereotypes . People who still have no firsthand knowledge of homosexuality turn to this as their exclusive source for understanding it. As hom
the mass media