Feral Children
children who have been raised in the absence of human contact, provide some clues as to what happens during human development when a person has little or no social contact
Socialization
is the process through which people learn the expectations of society
Roles
the expected behavior associated with a given status in a society
identity
how one defines oneself
personality
defined as a person's relatively consistent pattern of behavior, feelings, predispositions and beliefs
internalization
occurs when behaviors and assumptions are learned so thoroughly that people no longer question them, but simply accept them as correct
social control
the process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations
self-concept
how we think of ourselves as the result of the socialization experiences we have over a lifetime
socialization agents
people, or sources, or structures that pass on social expectations
peers
those with whom you interact on equal terms, such as friends, fellow students, and coworkers
Creationism
a set of beliefs that largely reject the theory of human biological evolution and instead argue that human beings now exist were created by a central force or God
Sigmund Freud
Orginiated psychoanalytic theory
greatest contribution was the idea that the unconscious mind shapes human behavior
psychoanalytic theory
depicts the human psyche in three parts, the id, the superego, and the ego
id
consists of deep drives and impulses
superego
the dimension of the self that represents the standards of society
ego
the seat of reason and common sense
social learning theory
considers the formation of identity to be a learned response to external social stimuli
positive reinforcement
reward
more likely to be repeated
negative reinforcement
punishment
less likely to be repeated
Jean Piaget
believed that learning was crucial to socialization but that imagination also had a critical role
argued that the human mind organizes experience into mental categories, or configurations
schema
configurations or organized experiences in the human mind
looking glass self
a postulate that explains how our conception of self arises through considering our relationships to others
development of the looking glass self
how we think we appear to others
how we think others judge us
how the first two make us feel - proud, embarrassed, or other feelings
taking the role of the otehr
a process of putting oneself in to the point of view of another
imitation stage
first stage of development
children merely copy the behavior of those around them
play stage
children begin to take on the roles of significant people in their environment, not just imitating but incorporating their relationship to the other
significant other
those with whom they have a close affiliation
game stage
the child becomes capable of taking on multiple roles at the same time
generalized other
the abstract composite of social roles and social expectiations
life course
perspective to describe and analyze the connection between people's personal attributes, the roles they occupy, the life events they experience, and the social and historical aspects of these events
adult socialization
involves learning behaviors and attitudes appropriate to specific situations and roles
anticipatory socialization
the learning of expectations associated with a role a person expects to enter in the future
age stereotypes
preconceived judgments about what different age groups are like
age prejudice
refers to a negative attitude about an age group that is generalized to all people in that group
age discrimination
is the different unequal treatment of people based solely on their age
ageism
a term sociologists use to describe the institutionalized practice of age prejudice and discrimination
age stratification
refers to the hierarchical ranking of different age groups in society
age cohort
an aggregate group of people born during the same period
disengagement theory
predicts that as people age, they gradually withdraw from participation in society and are simultaneously relieved of responsibilities
rite of passage
a ceremony or ritual that marks the transition of an individual from one role to another
Resocialization
the process by which existing social roles are radically altered or replaced
Stockholm Syndrome
Under severe captivity and deprivation, a captured person may come to identify with the captor