Absolute vs. relative poverty (or objective vs. subjective measures of poverty)
Absolute poverty refers to a set standard which is the same in all countries and which does not change over time
Relative poverty refers to a standard which is defined in terms of the society in which an individual lives and which therefore differs between countries and over time
Alternative and conventional food systems
Alternative-
Fresh food markets
Roadside markets
Chain grocery stores (whole foods)
Food co-ops
Brain drain
Large-scale emigration by talented people.
Caste
Second stratification system
Heredity ranks that tend to be fixed or immobile; sharply defined
Census of Agriculture
a complete count of U.S. farms and ranches and the people who operate them conducted every 5 years
Class system
Social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility
1. Can move from class to class
2. Boundaries not clearly defined
3. Fairly stable overtime
4. Heavily dependent on ascribed characteristics
Upper (1-2%)
Upper Middle (15%)
Middle Class (30-35%)
Working Class (30-35%)
Underclass/ Poor (15-20%)
Components of socio-economic status
1. Income and Wealth
2. Education
3. Prestige
Confined/Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO)
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Cultural capital
Our taste, knowledge, attitudes, language, and ways of thinking that we exchange in interactions with others
Different social classes = different cultural capital
Dimorphic or binary model of sex
The model claims there are two sexes
Bruce Jenner- Kaitlyn Jenner
Discrimination
Denial of equal rights and opportunities (action)
Civil Rights Legislation (Jim Crow)
Endogamous vs. exogamous marriage
Endogamous - marriage within same social group
Exogamous - outside of same social group; does not matter
Environmental justice
A recognition that access to a clean, healthy environment is a fundamental right of all human beings.
Estate system
feudalism; peasants work for land
Esteem
Reputation a specific person has earned within an occupation
Ethnic group/ethnicity
A group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns
Farm
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Farm Bill
Policy tool of the federal govt, renewed every 5 years
What does it include?
Food and nutriton programs, conservation, production, rural development, trade, farm credit, and research
can be controversial
Feminization of poverty
the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor
Food biodiversity
Provides high variety of crops, livestock, forestry, and fish which are important food sources. Tied closely to food security and sustainability.
Food system
Growing
Harvesting
Processing
Packaging
Transportation
Marketing
Distribution
Consumption
Disposal of food and food related items
Food waste
Alternative: Other types
a. Local Foods
b. Organic
c. Fair Trade
Glass ceiling
An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity.
Hate crime
Criminal act committed because of the offenders bias against an individual based on race, sexual orientation, ethnicity etc.
Heteronormativity
The portrayal of the institution of heterosexuality, its norms and practices, as natural and inevitable.
Income vs. Wealth
Wealth: Economic assets (land, buildings, art, jewelry, stocks, bonds, etc.)
Income: Economic gain in the form of money from wealth and labor
Income Inequality
A ratio of the earnings of the richest to the earnings of the poorest.
Inter and intra generational mobility
Intergenerational mobility refers to any changes in a family's social position between generations. -Intragenerational mobility, which refers to a person's social movement within his lifetime.
Majority- minority states/counties
Majority of population is white
Marriage: forced, arranged, individual choice
4 Types of Marriage
1. Forced Marriage
2. Arranged by parents, elders, matchmakers or religious leaders, but children must consent
3. Individuals select partner but parents must consent
4. Individuals select partner and parents do not need to consent
MRS degree
used to describe when a young woman attends college or university with the intention of meeting and finding a husband
Natural Amenities
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NIMBY
Not In My Back Yard
Open and Closed Class System
An open system describes a society with mobility between different social classes.
Population Clock
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Poverty
Inability to meet basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter.
Prejudice
Negative attitudes toward an entire group of people
Prestige
Sense of where we fit relative to others; how others regard us: Occupational prestige, Independent of individual, Focus on position
Race/Racial group
A group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance
Racism
Belief that one race is supreme, others are inferior
Sex and Gender
Sex: Biological difference (anatomy, hormones, chromosomes)
Gender: Social and cultural significance attached to biological differences
Sexual Orientation
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)
Shrinking Middle Class
The middle class is shrinking and the people are going to the lower class and the money is going to the upper class
Slavery
One of the 2 types of stratification
people are property of others; enforced servitude
Social Class
Mobility
Cultural Capital
Prestige
Socioeconomic Status
Income
Wealth
Poverty
Social Inequality
Condition in society in which different members of society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, and power
Social Mobility
To what extent can you change the social class into which you've been born
Open and closed systems
Inter- and intra-generational mobility
Socialization for independence vs interdependence
Independent- Children raised to be self-sufficient, make decisions based on personal choice, individual desires most important... choosing your own marriage partner
Interdependence-Children raised to be interdependent with others, importance of connection to family, extended family and community, decisions made with family and community in mind, relationships, obligations to others
Socioeconomic Status
A measure of social class
1. Income and Wealth
2. Education
3. Prestige
Stratifaction/stratification system
The structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society
The process by which positions in a society are arranged in layers, from top to bottom, with inequality.
Shapes individual opportunity over the life span, Social advantages can be passed on from one generation to the next
Four forms of stratification (slavery, caste, estate, class)
Stratification is a universal feature of all societies throughout time
Status Inconsistency
a situation where an individual's social positions have both positive and negative influences on his or her social status
Stereotype
Unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences
Changing reasons for marriage over time (the rise of love marriage)
More about property and politics than personal satisfaction or love, Change in the purpose of marriage (late 18th century), Destabilization of marriage institution, Rise of individualism and beginning of the love marriage
Changing attitudes and laws related to gender and sexuality
Increasing awareness of complexity
American Psychological Association Classification
Defense of Marriage Act 1996
Don't Ask Don't Tell
Legal challenges
Same sex partnerships, civil unions, marriages
Supreme Court case allowing for same sex marriages
Predictors of Social Class
education is best, prestige, income and wealth
Distribution of wealth and income in U.S.
Unequal
Poverty rates over past 50 years - how have they changed?
Non-metro poverty rates are higher than metro; gap has closed since 1960.
Child poverty rates
Vary by state (12-32%)- One third of all people in poverty are kids
How poverty is determined
Absolute (objective)
Relative (subjective)
Current trends related to social class, inequality, and poverty (see slides with summary points)
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Changes in American demographics over past ten years and predicted future demographics (race/ethnicity)
In 2011 50.4% of babies born in US were in minority groups
Minority children will be majority in US by 2018/2019
Currently majority in 10 states
Trends in agriculture (farm size, proportion of population in farming, number of farms, age of principal operators, etc.)
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Counter reactions to trends in agriculture
1. Increase in organic farms
2. Increase in urban agriculture
3. Alternative markets
4. Alternative sources of income, small scale / direct retail sales /
5. Agro-tourism
6. Specialty enterprises
Types of farms & farm ownership
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Types of crops grown
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Main themes from King Corn movie
Hard to make $ from farm, mainly comes from govt subs not actual product
Making corn for alternative purposes not consumption
Uses of corn
Animal feed
Corn sweetener
Ethanol
Other (fiber, plastics, adhesives)
Development of the environmental movement in the U.S.
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Trends in world population and urbanization
World population going up - more heavily urban living now but gap has been going down since 1960
Trends in Ohio forest cover and invasive species threat
Basically clear cut the land now slowly growing back, but lots of competition and single species so getting wiped out