dyad
a relationship of two
triad
a group of three or more
Mediator
member of a triad who attempts to resolve conflict between the other two parties in a group
Tertius Gaudens
the third that rejoices"; the new third member of a triad who benefits from conflict between the other two members of the group
Divide et Impera
divide and conquer"; the role of a member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge between the other two parties in a group
Primary Group
social groups composed of intimate face to face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved
Secondary Group
group marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships; exist as a means to an end
Social Deviance
any transgression of socially established norms
Crime
the violation of laws enacted by society
Social Cohesion
social bonds; how well people relate to one another on a day to day basis
Mechanical/Segmental Solidarity
social cohesion based on sameness
Organic Solidarity
social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts
Social Control
those mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals
Formative Social Sanctions
mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior
Informal Social Sanctions
the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; unspoken rules of life
Symbolic Interactionism
micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions
Labeling Theory
belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels, over time, form the basis of their self-identity
Primary Deviance
the first act of rule-breaking that may incur a label of "deviant" and thus influence how people think about and act towards you
Secondary Deviance
deviant acts that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label
Stigma
a negative social label that not only changes others' behavior toward a person, but also alters that person's self-concept and social identity
Broken Windows Theory of Deviance
theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically, whether local, informal social norms allow deviant acts
Street crime
crime committed in public
white-collar crime
offense committed by a professional (or professionals) against a corporation, agency, or other institution
corporate crime
a particular type of white-collar crime committed by the officers (CEOs and other executives) of a corporation
deterrence theory
philosophy of criminal justice arising from the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits
Recidivism
when an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts back to criminal behavior
total institution
an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same authority