The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl who was studied by Kinglsey Davis, shows that ______.
Without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action
What concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?
Socialization
What concept refers to a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?
Personality
In the nature vs. nurture debate, sociologists claim that _____.
Nurture is far more important than nature
The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that _____.
Monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when they were returned to others of their kind
Based on the Harlows' research with the rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna, the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude that _________.
Long-term social isolation leads to permanent development damage in both monkeys and humans
If you were to put together the lesson learned from the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie, you would conclude that ________.
Social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality
Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of the ______.
Id
Applying Freud's thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that _______.
Humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society
Jean Piaget's focus was on _______.
Cognition, or how people think and understand
According to Piaget, in which stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?
Sensorimotor stage
For Jean Piaget, at which stage of development do individuals first use language and other cultural symbols?
Preoperational stage
The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was _____.
Moral reasoning
Carol Gilligan's work in the issue of self-esteem in girls showed that ________.
Girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, which gradually decrease as they go through adolescence
George Herbert Mead considered the self to be ______.
The part of an individual's personality that is composed of self-awareness and self- image
By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind _____.
Recognizing that people have different views of most situations
When Cooley used the concept of the "looking-glass self," he claimed that ______.
People see themselves as they think others see them
According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as _______.
Significant others
In Mead's model, which sequence correctly orders stages of developing self?
Imitation, play, game, generalized other
Mead used the concept "generalized other" to refer to ______.
Widespread cultural norms and values people take as their own
Family is important to the socialization process because _______.
Families pass along social identity to children in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion
Thinking about how patterns of child-rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stress ______, while well-to-do parents typically stress.
Obedience; creativity
A distinctive contribution of schooling to the process of socialization is _______.
Exposing the child to an impersonal, bureaucratic setting
Today, the factor people most commonly use in considering a young woman or young man to have reached adulthood is whether or not the person _________.
Has complete all schooling
The special importance of the peer group is the fact that it ________.
Lets children escape the direct supervision of parents
When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in a process that sociologists call ________.
Anticipatory socialization
In the historical perspective, the importance of mass media to the socialization process has _______.
Increased over time
Looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that ________.
Rich societies extend childhood much longer than do poor societies
Based on what you have read in this chapter, how would sociologists explain the fact that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as time of confusion?
There are cultural inconsistencies in the definition of this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike
In the period of life called "middle adulthood," people typically experience _______.
Life circumstances becoming more or less set
A majority of people over the age of sixty-five in the United States ______.
Consider their health "good" or "excellent
What effect did industrialization have in life expectancy in the United Stats and Western Europe?
Life expectancy went up
The concept of "gerontocracy" refers to a society in which ________.
The oldest people have the most wealth, power, and prestige
Based on the text's survey of the life course, you might conclude that _________.
While we link life-course stage to biology, they are largely a social construction
What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age?
Cohort
A setting where a staff tries to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment is called a _______.
Total institution
In a total institution, staff members _______.
Closely supervise all the daily life of inmates
An inmate who loses the capacity for independent living is described as ______.
Institutionalized
Based on what you have read in this chapter, you would correctly conclude that _______.
Society shapes how we think, feel, and act
Which theory, developed by the psychologist John B. Watson, claims that human behavior is not instinctive but learned within a social environment?
Behaviorism
In Freud's model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person's efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drives?
Ego
Mead claims that the origin of the self is found in _______.
Social experience
Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization states that ______.
Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages
Osagie Obasogie did research with people who have been blind since birth and discovered that, with regard to race, these people _______.
Held much the same ideas about race as sighted people
Assume you have a business that provides products to older people. Looking ahead, you have reason to expect ________.
Increasing sales, because your target population is increasing in size