which of the following best describe the focus of the structural-functional approach
the consequences of social patterns for the operation of society
the recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are reffered to as
manifest functions
sociologist use the term "empirical evidence" to refer to
information we can verify with our senses
the sociological perspective reveals that
much of what passes for common sense in the US turnes out to be at least partly wrong
imagine youre going to measure the age of a number of respondents taking part in the survey. as you record the data youre using the concept AGE
a variable
i the process of measurement, reliability refers to
whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results
What concept refers to measuring exactly what one intends to measure
validity
A theory states that increasing a person's formal higher education results in increased earnings over the individual's lifetime. in the theory "higher education" is the
independent variable
Two variables are said to display correlation if
they cary together
an apparent, although false, association between two variables that is caused by a third variable is called
a spurious correlation
three of the following statements below are part of the definition of a cause and effect relationship. which statement is not a part of the definition?
both variables must be shown to be independent
the ideal of objectivity means that a researcher must
try to adopt a stance of personal neutrality toward the outcome of the research
imagine that you are repeating research done by someone else in order to assess the accuracy, youre doing what?
replication
if you have criticized for "androcentricity" you are being criticized for
doing the research from a male perspective
How can statistics mislead other people
people select the data they present people interpret the data to lead their readers to a desired conclusion and people use graphs to spin the truth
what discipline defines itself as " the systematic study of human society"?
sociology
according the Emile Durkheim people with a higher suicide rate typically have
lower social integration
the concept "sociology" was coined in 1838 by
Auguste Comete
____ is a way of understanding the world based on science
positivism
a statement that explains how and why specific facts are related is called a
theory
what concept refers to people who interact in a defined territory and who share a culture?
society
According to Lenski the term " sociocultural evolution" refers to
changes that occur as a society acquires new technology
the social standing of women and men in hunting and gathering societies is
fairly equal, with men and women each making a vital contribution to survival
the driving force of social change, according to Marx, is
social conflict between classes
Max Weber's analysis of the rise of capitalism provide strong evidence of
the power of ideas to change society
Emile Durkheim saw society as a system "beyond us" with the power to guide our lives, Therefore , he described elements of society, including cultural norms, values, and beliefs as
social facts
what concepts was used by Durkheim to name a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals?
anomie
as a part of human culture, religion is an example of
nonmaterial culture
among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that
relies on culture to ensure survival
sociologies define a symbol as
anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture
Cultural transmission refers to the process of
passing cultural patterns from one generation to another
Which of the following most closely conveys the point of the Sapir-Whorf thesis?
people see the world through the cultural lens of their language
standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called
values
_____ distinguish between right and wrong;___ distinguish between right and rude
Mores; Folkways
If you were to put together the lesson learned from the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie you would correctly conclude that
social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality
Jean Piaget's focus was on
cognition, or how people think and understand.
The special importance of the peer group is the fact that it
lets children escape the direct supervision of parents
in her research, Elisabeth Kubler- Ross found that death
is an orderly transition involving specific stages
Which of the following trait linked to a total institution is Not correct?
Staff members encourage the individual growth and creativity of inmates.
What best sums us Goffman's idea of the resocialization process?
break down an old identity, then build up a new identity
Which of the following concepts defines a social positition that a person holds?
status
what concept refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life?
ascribed status
What concept refers to a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?
master status
what concept refers to the tension among roles connected to a single status?
role strain
what is the term for the process by which people disengage from important social roles?
role exit
The Thomas theorem states that
situations defined as real are real in their consequences
The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance is referred to
dramaturgical analysis
The success story of the McDonald's organization explains
that the organizational principles of McDonald's have come to dominate our social life
What do sociologist call two or more people who identify and interact with one another?
a social group
Charles Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships as
a primary group
Which type of leadership style takes charge of making decisions and making sure people do what they are told?
authoritarian leadership
What is the sociological term coined by Irving Janis for a limited understanding of some issue resulting from group conformity?
groupthink
if you were a prisoner, a maximum- security prison would be which of the following types of organizations from your point of view?
A coercive organization
Max Weber noted many traits of bureucracy which is not one of them?
Favoring family members over strangers
what concept refers to " the recognized violation of cultural norms"?
deviance
Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime
refers to a violation of norms enacted into law.
What statement is false about the social foundations of deviance
there are many acts that are always deviant everywhere
using the terms of Robert Merton's strain theory, which of the following concepts correctly describes the behavior of a school "dropout" who rejects both cultural goals and the conventional means to reach them?
retreatist
The basic idea behind labeling theory is that
deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do.
Edwin Lemert described " primary deviance " as
a passing episode of deviance that has little effect on the person's self- concept
As a social institution, the economy
produces and distribues goods and services guide the consumption of goods and services operates in a relativily predictable manner
the economy first became a distinct social institution during which historical stage of technological development?
Agrarian societies
What sector of the economy generates raw material directly from the natural environment?
Primary sector
In a capitalist economic system "justice" amounts to
freedom of the marketplace allowing people to follow their self- interest.
What is the hypothetical economical and political system in which all people in society are socially equal?
communism
The concept "state capitalism" refers to a system in which
privately- owned companies cooperate closely with the government
Contrasted to socialist economic systems, capitalist economic system are typically
more productive
what does not apply to a profession?
working for a large well- established company
What would be included in the operation of the underground economy
a taxi driver who fails to report most of her income
computers are having which of the following effects on the workplace
are deskilling labor limiting workplace interaction and inhance employers' control of workers.
social stratification is a concept that refers to
ranking categories of people in a hierarchy
a caste system is defines as
social stratification based on ascription or birth
the concept meritocracy refers to social stratification
based entirely on a personal merit
the degree of status consistency is
greater in caste than class system
At the lowest level of social stratification in ancient Japan were the
burakumin or "outcasts
Which of the following statements accurately describes social stratification in the People's Republic of China?
A new set of social classes is gradually emerging
Ideology or beliefs that support social stratification is found in
both class and caste systems
According to the Davis- More thesis
more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them
Who coined the concept " survival of the fittest"?
Herbert Spencer
Based on what you have read as the US develops a postindustrial economy, economic inequality is
increasing.
Over the course of its history, the Roman Catholic Church has existed in various forms, including as a
state church church and denomination
Which of the following concepts refers to a religious organiziation that is largely outside a society's cultural traditions?
cult
which of the following religious organizations began as a cult?
Islam Christianity and Judaism
What organization would you expect to be the least stable type of religious organizations?
cult
Animism is the belief that
everything in the world is a conscious, living force that is able to affect us
Polytheism refers to
belief in many gods.
The world's larges concentration of Jew is found in
North America
Which of the following is the oldest of the worlds religion discussed in the text?
Hinduism
The concept "karma" refers to
the Hindu belief in the progress of the human soul
The founder of Buddhism was which of the following people?
Gautama
Confucianism is closely linked to the traditional culture of
China
n the US a majority of people claim to be
Protestant
All through the South, the largest number of protestants are of which denomination?
Baptist
What is not a trait of relgious fundamentalism?
accepting religious pluralism
following Emilie Durkheim, the ordinary elemnts of everyday life are correctly considered to be
profane
Ritual is a matter of
formal, ceremonial behavior
faith is a way of knowing based on
convictions or belief in things unseen
what concept was used by Durkheim to refer to an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred?
totem
Durkheim pointed to three functions of religion for society, what is not one of them
fostering social conflict
Karl Marx believed that religion
supports social inequality