ABC's of deviance (not in text)
Attitudes, behaviors and conditions
Capital Punishment (pg.152)
The death penalty
Control Theory (pg.138)
The idea that two control systems-inner controls and outer controls-work against our tendencies to deviate
Crime (pg.134)
The violation of norms written into law
Criminal Justice System (pg.147)
The system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime
Cultural Goals (pg.142)
The legitimate objectives held out to the members of a society
Deviance (pg.134)
The violation of rules or norms
Differential Association (pg.137)
Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that associating with some groups results in learning an "excess of definitions" of deviance, and, by extension, in a greater likelihood that one will become deviant
Hate Crime (pg.155)
Crimes to which more secure penalties are attached because they are motivated by hatred (dislike, animosity) of someone's race-ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, disability, or national origin
Illegitimate Opportunity Structure (pg.144)
Opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life
Institutionalized means (pg.142)
Approved ways of reaching cultural goals
Labeling Theory (pg.139)
The view, developed by symbolic interactionists, that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior either into deviance or into conformity
Negative Sanction (pg.136)
An expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution
Positive Sanction (pg.136)
A reward given for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize
Recidivism Rate (pg.152)
The proportion of people who are rearrested
Social Control (pg.136)
A group's formal and informal means of informing its norms
Social Order (pg.136)
A group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives
Stigma (pg.134)
Blemishes" that discredit a persons claim to a "normal" identity
Strain Theory (pg.142)
Robert Merton's term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success) but withholds from many the approved means to reach that goal; one adaptation to the strain is crime, the choice o
Street Crime (pg.136)
Crimes such as mugging, rape, and bugularly
Techniques of Neutralization (pg.139)
Ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect society's norms
White-Collar Crime (corporate crime) (pg.145)
Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; examples include bribery of public officials, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertising, and price fixing
Essentialist Approach to Deviance
Deviance is objective to fact: is is within act itself rather than within the eye of the beholder; Deviance is universal, transcends boundaries of time and place
Social Constructionist Approach to Deviance
Deviance is subjective and relative: within the eye of the beholder; nothing is inherently deviant
Howard Becker (pg.134)
Howard Becker observed that an act is not deviant in and of itself, but only when there is a reaction to it
Chambliss (pg.141)
Chambliss demonstrated the power of the label in his study of two youth gangs-the Saints and the Roughnecks
Emile Durkheim (pg.142)
Durkheim noted the functions that deviance has for social life
Erving Goffman (pg.134)
Goffman wrote about the theory to explain patterns of deviance within a society
Robert Merton (pg.142)
Merton developed strain theory to explain patterns of deviance within a society
Edwin Sutherland (pg.137)
Sutherland not only developed differential association theory,but was the first to study and give name (white collar crime) to crimes that occur among the middle class in the course of their work
Anomie (pg.195)
A condition resulting from a status inconsistency
Caste System
A form of stratification based on endogamy, no mobility, and ascribed status.
Culture of Poverty (pg.208)
The assumption that values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics
Downward Social Mobility (pg.202)
Movement down the social class ladder
Exchange Mobility
The same number of people move both up and down the social class ladder, such as that, on balance, the social class system shows little change
Feminization of Poverty (pg.206)
A trend in U.S. poverty where most poor families are headed by women
Horatio Alger Myth (pg.209)
The belief that due to limitless possibilities anyone can get ahead if they try hard enough
Income (pg.188)
A flow of money
Intergenerational Mobility (pg.202)
The change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next
Meritocracy
A form of social stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit
Poverty Line (pg.203)
The official measure of poverty; calculated to include those whose incomes are less than three times a low-cost food budget
Power (pg.192)
The ability to carry our your will, even over the resistance of others
Power Elite (pg.192)
C. Write Mills' term for over the top people in the U.S. corporations, military, and politics who make the nations decisions
Prestige (pg.192)
Respect or regard
Social Class (pg.188)
A large number of people who rank close to one another in wealth, power, and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists, who own the means of production or workers, who sell their labor
Social Stratification
A system of ranking people in a hierarchy according to wealth, prestige, and power
Status (pg.193)
Social ranking; the position that someone occupies in society or in a social group
Status Consistency (pg.193)
People ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class
Status Inconsistency (pg.193)
Ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others
Structural Mobility (pg.202)
Movement up or down the social class ladder that is due to changes in the structure of society, not to individual effort
Underclass (pg.198)
A group of people for whom poverty persists yeah after year across generations
Upward Social Mobility (pg.202)
Movement up the social class ladder
Wealth (pg.188)
Property and income
Anti-miscegenation Laws (pg.227)
Laws that enforces racial segregation at the level of marriage and the process of it being a main stream culture norm
Discrimination (pg.218)
An act of unfair treatment directred against an individual or a group
Dominant Group (pg.217)
The group with the most power, greatest privileges, and highest social status
Ethnicity (pg.217)
Having distinctive cultural characteristics
Genocide (pg.225)
The systematic annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people based on their presumed race or ethnic group
Individual Discrimination (pg.222)
The negative treatment of one person by another on the basis of that person's perceived characteristics
Institutional Discrimination (pg.222)
The negative treatment of a minority group that is built into a society's institutions, also called systematic discrimination
Minority Group (pg.217)
People who are singled out for unequal treatment on the basis of their physical and cultural characteristics, and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination
Multiculturalism (pg.228)
A philosophy or political policy that permits or encourages groups to express their individual, unique racial and ethnic identities.
Pluralism (pg.228)
The diffusion of power among many interest groups that prevents any single group from gaining control go the government
Population Transfer (pg.227)
Forcing a minority to relocate (trail of tears)
Prejudice (pg.220)
An attitude of prejudging, usually in a negative way
Race (pg.214)
A group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups
Scapegoat (pg.223)
An individual to group unfairly blamed for someone else's troubles
Segregation (pg.227)
The policy of keeping racial or ethnic groups separated
Selective Perception (pg.224)
Seeing certain features of an object or situation, but remaining blind to others
Stereotypes
Assumptions about that people are like based on group membership
Total Discrimination
The combined effect go past and present discrimination
WASP (pg.229)
White Anglo-Saxon protestant; narrowly, an American of english decent; broadly, an American of western European ancestry
White Ethnics (pg.229)
White immigrants to the U.S. whose culture differs from that of WASPS
Feminism (pg.257)
The philosophy that men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal; organized activity on behalf of this principle
Gender (pg.248)
The behavior and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females; masculinity or femininity
Gender Stratification (pg.248)
Males' and females' unequal access to power, prestige, and property on the basis of their sex
Glass Ceiling (pg.265)
The invisible barrier that prevents women from reaching the executive suite
Glass Escalator
Upward movement of men in women's occupations disproportionate to their numbers
Heterosexism
An idealogical system that denies, denigrates and stigmatizes non-heterosexuality
Patriarchy (pg.254)
A society or group in which men dominate women; authority is invested in males
Sex (pg.248)
Biological characteristics that distinguish females and males, consisting of primary and secondary sex characteristics
Second Shift
Women are wage earners and also do most of unpaid household work, now recorded in the census
Title IX (nine)
Passed in 1972, requiring educational institutions to offer women the same opportunities that are offered to men
Sexual Harassment (pg.265)
The abuse of one's position of authority to force unwanted sexual demands on someone