Poverty
The condition or quality of being poor
Status Consistancy
The degree of consistency in a persons social standing across various dimensions of social inequality
Intergenerational
Intergenerational social mobility. Upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents
Meritocracy
social stratification based on merit.
Social Stratification
a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hiearchy
Intra generational
Intragenerational Social Mobility. A change in a social position occurring during a persons lifetime.
Absolute Poverty
A deprivation of resources that is life threatening
Socioeconomic
Socioeconomic Status. A composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality
Davis Moore
The thesis that social stratification is a universal pattern because it benefits the operation of a society
Caste
Social stratification based on a ascription
Structural Social Mobility
A shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts
class
Social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement
Under Class
The persistently poor and unemployed class of people who lack training and skills
Income
wages or salary from work and earnings from investments
Closed system
One that allows for little change in a persons social position
Power
The ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others
Alienation
The experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness
Prestige
The power to command admiration and/or esteem by reputation and/or distinction
Social Change
The transformation of a culture and social institutions over time
Mass Society
A society in which industrialization and bureaucracy reach exceptionally high levels
Neo Colonialism
A new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control, but rather economic exploitation by multinational corporations.
Periphery
Those low-income countries which were drawn into the world economy by colonial exploitation
Multinational
Those corporations that are large and operate in many countries
Relative Deprivation
A perceived disadvantage arising from some specific comparison
Dependency Theory
A model of economic and social development that explains inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor societies by rich ones.
World System Theory
In explaining the unequal distribution of wealth and power throughout the world, this theory divides nations into three groups; core societies, peripheral societies, and semi-peripheral societies
Relative Poverty
The term referring to the fact that some people lack resources that are taken for granted by others. A floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison wit
Post Modernism
Social patterns characteristic of postindustrial societies and the Information Revolution
Modernization Theory
A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences among societies.
Colonialism
The process by which some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other nations
Modernity
Social patterns resulting from industrialization
Core Countries
Those countries of the world that dominate all others in terms of economic, political, and military strength
Semi Periphery
Those countries, neither core nor periphery, that are moving up/down in the world system.
Job Deskilling
a reduction in the proficiency needed to perform a specific job that leads to a corresponding reduction in the wages for that job
What is the functionalist view on class?
-view classes as broad groupings of people who share similar levels of privilege on the basis of their roles in the occupational structure
-David Moore Theory- Stratification exists in all societies and inequality is inevitable but also necessary for a so
What is the conflict view on class?
Conflict perspective believes that social stratification is created by and maintained by one group, usually the upper class, in order to become richer and maintain that class. Theorists measure class according to peoples relationships with others
What is the symbolic interactionist view on class?
Focuses on how class location may + or - affect ones identity and everyday interactions. So the beliefs and actions of people are reflect their class location in society
Labeling Theory
The idea that deviance and conformity result not only from what people do but from how others respond to those actions
Stigma
A powerfully negative label that greatly changes a persons self concept and social identity
Rebellion
One of Mertons responses to failure, involving rejection of both culturally approved means and goals, going one step further by forming a counter culture and advocating alternatives to the existing order
Retreatism
One of Mertons responses to the inability to succeed, involving rejection of both cultural goals and means; in effect, the individual "drops out
Crime
The violation of society's formally enacted criminal law
Ritualism
One of Mertons responses to failure, involving accepting societys means, but not recognizing the goals are only minimally accessible
Conformity
One who, according to Merton, pursues conventional goals through approved means, successfully acquiring wealth and prestige
Social Control
Attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior
Rehabilitation
A program for reforming the offender to prevent subsequent offenses
Retribution
An act of moral vengance by which society inflicts suffering on the offender comparable to that caused by the offense
Medicalization of deviance
The transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition
Deviant Career
A way of life characterized by repeated norm violations
White Collar Crime
Crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations
Innovator
One who, according to Merton, uses unconventional means to achieve a culturally approved goal
Corporate Crime
The illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf
Differential Association
Edwin Sutherland's theory that a persons tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact he/she has with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior
Deterrence
The attempt to discourage criminality through punishment
Victimless Crimes
Violations of the law in which there are no readily apparent victims
Deviance
The recognized violation of cultural norms