Often seek agreement and may pressure one another toward conformity
What do Ashe and Milgram studies say about group conformity
includes both in groups and out groups to form attitudes and make evaluations
reference group
a social group toward which members feels respect and loyalty
in groups
a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition
Out Groups
2=1 relationship less more intense unstable
3=3 r.s
4=6 rs
5=10
6=15
7=21more stable and capable of loosing one or more members
How does groupsize affect the group
characteristics of bureaucracy
specialization,heiarchy of officers;rules and regs; technical competance; impersonality; formal written communication
problems of bureaucracy
bureaucratic alienation;Bur. inefficiency & ritualism; Bur. inertia; obligarchy
ancestors spent lifetime looking for food shelter; bur assigns indivduals highly specialized jobs
Specialization
Bureaucracy arranges workers in vertical order. always someone higher up
heiarchy of officers
Bureaucracy seeks to operate in a predictible way
Rules and Regs
Hire employees with set standards and do away with the family members
technical competance
both clients and workers are treated in the same way
impersonality
depends on formal written memos and reports
formal written communication
by reducing the human being to small cog in a ceasingly moving mechanism
Bureaucratic alienation
rules and regs to the point of undermining
Bureaucratic ritualization
to perpetuate themselves
Bureaucratic inertia
McDonaldization of Society
Efficiency
Predictability
Uniformity
Control T
the biological distinction between male and females
sex
male and females have different genitalia
primary sex characteristics
different bodily development
secondary sex characteristics
review cultural issue
page 151
a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives
incest taboo
when did the sexual revolution take place and what were some of the causes of it?
1960-1970, drew sexuality out intot he open . babyboomers were the 1st generation to grow up with the idea that sex was a normal part of social life., books, tv, the pill
What is the double standard
allows and encourages men to be sexually active but expects women to be virgins until marriage and faithful to their husbands afterwards.
1980 aimed at permissiveness and urged a return to more traditional family values
sexual counter revolution
persons romantic attraction to another person
sexual orientation
attracted to opposite sex
heterosexual
attracted to same sex
homosexual
attracted to both sexes
bisexual
attracted to no sexes
asexualtity
most research supports the claim that sexual orientation is rooted in
biology just like right hand or left hand people
discomfort over close personal interaction with people thought to be gay lesbian or bisexual
homophobia
9% of adult men 4% of adult women report engaging in
a homosexual activity`
2% of men and 1.45 of women consider themselves
homosexuals
selling of sexual services
prostitutions
sex workers
call girls (elite arrange their own dates)
escort services-
massage parlors or brothels under mgmt
streetwalkers -work streets
different types of prostitution
highlights society's need to regulate sexual activity and especially reproduction. one universal norm is the incest taboo, which keeps family relations clear
structural functional approach
emphasizes the various meanings people attach to serxuality. the social construction of sexuality can be seen in sexual differences between society and changing sexual patterns over time.
symbiolic interaction approach
links sexuality to social inequality; "feminist theory" claims that men dominate women by devaluing them to the level of sexual objects. "queer theory" claims our society has a heterosexual bias, defining anything different as "queer
social conflict/feminist approach
refers to the norm violagtions ranging from minor infractions, or major infractions ; recognized violation of cultural norm
Deviance
violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law
Crime
focuses on individual abnormality
explain human behavior as the result of biological instincts'
lombroso claimed criminals have ape like physical traits ; later research links criminal behavior to certain body types and genetics
biological theories
focus on individual abnormality
see deviance as the result of unsuccessful socialization
Reckless and Dinitz containment theory links delinquency to weak conscience.
psychological theories
views all behavior deviant as well as conforming as products of society. sociologist point out that
what is deviant varies from place to place according to cultural norms
behavior and indiv become deviant as others define them that way
what and who a soci
sociological theories
Lemert observed that some norm violations say skipping school or underage drinking may provoke some reaction from others but this process has little effect on a person self concept.
primary deviance
when people take notice of ones behavior and really make a big deal about it. rejecting the people that are critical and repeatedly breaking the rules. when a person begins to employ deviant behavior as a means of defense, attack, or adj to the problems c
secondary deviance
claims that deviance depends less on what someone does than on how others react to that behavior. If people respond to primary deviance by stigmatizing a person, secondary deviance and a deviant carrer may result
labeling theory
a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self concept and social identity
stigma
the transformation of moral and legal deviance into medical condition
medicalization of deviance
1)what people consider deviant reflects the relative power and priviledge of different catogories of people.
2)HATE CRIME are crimes motivated by racial or other bias targeted people based on race gender sexual orientation
3)In the untied states and elsew
Deviance
Race
Gender
violent acts or threats of violence against other persons
crimes against the person
crimes that involve theft of money or property belonging to others
crimes against property
violation of law in which there are not obvious victims
victimless crimes
1)White collar crime - committed by high social positions
2)Corporate Crime Illegal actions of corp people
3) Organized crime-business supply illegal goods or services
4)Hate Crimes-criminal acts against persons racial or bias
types of crime
1)late adolescence
2)70% property crimes 82% violent crimes are males
3)street crimes lower social position includes white collar and corporate crime makes class differences in criminality smaller
4) More whites than blacks are arrested for street crimes;
categories of people most likely to be arrested for crimes
Police
The Courts
The system of Punishment
Corrections
4 components Criminal Justice System
1)maintain public order by enforcing the law
2)use personal discrestion in deciding whether and how to handle a situation
3)more likely to make an arrest if the offence is serious;if
Police
courts rely on an adversarial process in which atty's 1) represent their cases inteh presence of a judgewho monitors legal procedures 2) In practice, US Courts resolve most cases through plea bargaining. Though efficient this method puts less powerful peo
The Courts
retribution
deterrence
rehabilitation
societal protection
The system of Punishment
probation
shock probation
parole
Corrections
an act of moral vengence by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime
retribution
the attempt to discourage ciminal activity through the use of punishment
deterrence
a program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses
rehabilitation
rendering an offender incapable of further offfenses temp through imprisonment of permanently by execution
social protection
remains contraversial in the U.S., the only high income western nation that routinely executes serious offenders. the trend is toward fewer executions..
death penalty
is a sustem by which a society ranks categories of people in hiearchy, so that some people have more money power prestige than others.
Social Stratification
1)based on both (ascription) and meritocracy birth on personal merit
2)permit some social mobility
3)are common in modern industrial and postindustrial societies
class systems
1) are based on birth (ascription)
2)permit little or no social mobility
3) shape a person's entire life including occupation and marriage
4) are common in traditional argrarian societies
caste system
manual labor jobs lower prestige
blue collar
higher prestige jobs that involve mostly mental activity
white collar
earnings from work or investments
Income
the total value of money and other assets minus outstanding debts
wealth
upper class
middle class
working class
lower class
different classes in the United States
5% of US "old rich" high paying jobs
upper class
40 to 45% of the US do white collar work
middle class
30-35% of the US blue collar work
working class
20% of the us lack financial security
lower class
women making up an increasing proportion of the poor
feminization of poverty
the eraning gap between men and women
wage gap
lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more
relative poverty
a lack of resources that is life threatening 1 in 6 are threatened
absolute poverty
age ~17.4% children 17.8 young adults
race/ethnicity~ 2/3 white 25% black black children
Gender family~ 60 % women 40% men
family~ 53% women single head of household
9% men single parents
who are poor
the assertation that social stratification exists in every society because it has beneficial consequences for the operation of society ;
states that social stratrification is universal because of its functional consequenses
Davis Moore Thesis
explains deviance in terms of societies cultural goals and the means available to acheive them;
Metron Strain Theory
later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes
criminal recdivism