Sociology- Test #2

society

the people who interact in a defined territoryand share a culture

Gerhard Lenski

sociologist that describes how societites have changed over the past 10,000 years. points to the importance of techonlogy in shaping society

Karl Marx

sociologist that describes how societites have changed over the past 10,000 years. focuses on social conflict that arises aw people work within an economic system to produce material goods

Max Weber

sociologist that describes how societites have changed over the past 10,000 years. contrasted the traditional thinking of simple societites with the rational thought that dominates complex societites today

Emile Drurkheim

sociologist that describes how societites have changed over the past 10,000 years. helps us see the different ways that traditional and modern societies hang together

sociocultural evolution

term used by Lenski that refers to the changes that occur as a society gains a new technology. the simpler the technology of a society, the fewer people it can support and the less control it has over nature/ its surroundings

technology in simple societies changes ________, whereas technology in modern, high-tech societies changes __________.

slowly
quickly

hunting and gathering society

simplest of all societies. people make use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food. 3 million years ago- 12,000 years ago.
-takes large amount of land to support a few people
-societies like this have only a few dozen people
-nomadi

society defined by Lenski

defined by level of technology

society defined by Marx

defined by social conflict

society defined by Weber

defined by ideas/mode of thinking

society defined by Durkheim

defined by type of solidarity

horticulture

use of hand tools to raise crops

horticultural society

technological advance from hunting and gathering: simple hand tools to aid in planting/ producing own food instead of gathering. 12,000-10,000 years ago. horticulture was often mixed with pastoralism.
-beginning of specialization/ social diversity
-monoth

agriculture

large-scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources

dawn of civilization

breakthroughs of the agrarian period (wheel, writing, irrigation, plow) about 5000 years ago

agrarian society

agriculture led to permanent settlements, more distinct social inequality and classes, specialization and occupations, "refined" activities like reading and researching.
-religion reinforces power of elites (divine right of monarchies)

industrialism

production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery

industrial society

industrialism introduced new technology for communication, trasnportation, manufacturing, and luxuries used in day to day life.
-weakening of strong family ties, close working relationships, traditional beliefs, and customs of agrarian society.
-occupatio

postindustrial society

new phase of technological development

postindustrialism

refers to the production of information using computer technology; production relies on computers and other elctronic devices that create, process, store, and apply information

Daniel Bell

coined the term "postindustrialism

sociocultural evolution: 5 stages of evolving cultures

hunting and gathering
horticulture
agrarian
industrialism
postindustrialism

Karl Marx

early giant in the field of sociology whose influence continues today. awed by advances in industry and and technology and the wealth that they brought; yet astounded by the fact that only very few had access to that technology and wealth.
-saw society in

social conflict

the struggle between segments of society over valued resources. can take place in many forms:
-individuals quarrel
-long-standing rivalries
-warring nations
most important type is class conflict arising from the way a society produces material goods

capitalists

people who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits.

proletarians

industrial workers in a capitalist society. people who sell their labor for wages

social institutions

the major spheres of social life, or societal subsystems, organized to meet human needs. Include:
-economy
-political system
-family
-religion
-education

infrastructure as defined by Marx

economic system
(infra- Latin for "below")

superstructure defined by Marx

social institutions other than the economy (economy is infrastructure)
-family
-religion
-political system
that are built on this foundation (infrasructure) and support it

false consciousness (Marx)

explaining social problems as the shortcomings of individuals rather than as the flaws of a society.
-most people living in an industrial-capitalist system do not recognize how capitalism shapes the operation of their entire society. Many of us tend to se

communism

system in which people commonly own and equally share food and other things they produce.
-hunting and gathering societies had primitive form of communism

bourgeoisie

merchants and skilled craftsman formed this capitalist class.
commercial class
overthrew old agrarian elite

Manifesto of the Communist Party

Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels' best known statement.
begins: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.

class conflict

aka class struggle
conflict between entire classes of the distribution of a society's wealth and power.

class consciousness

Marx was always in favor of a revolution overthrowing capitalism. First, workers must become aware of their oppression and see capitalism as its true cause. Second, they must organize and address their problems. False consciousness must be replaced with t

alienation

the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness

four ways in which capitalism alienates workers (Marx's idea of alienation and social conflict)

alienation from:
1. the act of working
2. the products of work
3. other workers
4. human potential

one of the four ways capitalism alienates workers (marx)
1. alienation from the act of working

capitalism denies workers a say in what they're making or how they make it.

one of the four ways capitalism alienates workers (marx)
2.alienation from the products of work

the product of work belongs not to the worker, but to capitalists who sell it for profit

one of the four ways capitalism alienates workers (marx)
3. alienation from other workers

capitalism makes work competitive rather than cooperative

one of the four ways capitalism alienates workers (marx)
alienation from human potential

workers dont have the freedom to unwind and be themselves in the workplace. capitalism turns an activity that should express the best qualities in a person int oa a dull and dehumanizing experience.

socialism

Marx's dream system of production that could provide for the social needs of all; as far away from capitalism as possible

Max Weber

with a wide range of knowledge of law, economics, religion, and history, this sociologist produced what many experts regard as the greatest individual contribution ever made to sociology.

idealism

Weber's philosophical approach that emphasized how human ideas - especially beliefs and values- shape society.
-not about how people produce things, but how people think about the world.
-new societies= product of new ideas

ideal type

an abstract statement of the essential cahracterists of any social phenomenon

tradition

values and beliefs passed from generation to generation

rationality

a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter-of fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task.

rationalization of society (Weber)

historical change from tradition to rationality as the main human thought.
-Weber described modern society as "disenchanted' because scientific thinking swept away sentimental ties to the past.

according to Weber, the amount of _______ _______ depends on how a society's people understand their world

technological innovation

Weber thought capitalism _______, while Marx viewed it as _______.

rational
irrational

according to Weber, they key to the birth of industrial capitalism was the __________ ________.

Protestant Reformation

inner-worldly asceticism

approaching life in a formal and rational way

predestination

belief that an all-knowing and all-powerful God had predestined some people for salvation and others for damnation

seven characteristics of a rational social organization (Weber)

1. distinctive social institutions
2. large-scale organizations
3. specialized tasks
4. personal discipline
5. awareness of time
6. technical competance
7. impersonality

one of the seven characteristics of a rational social organization (Weber)
1. Distinctive social institutions

as society evolves, more social institutions
-family
-economic system
-political system
-religion
-education
appear. specialized intstitutions are a rational way of meeting ever-changing human needs

one of the seven characteristics of a rational social organization (Weber)
2. Large-scale organizations

large, formal organizations (big companies nowadays) and federal and state governments that run society and that individuals are involved in. organizations employ individuals.

one of the seven characteristics of a rational social organization (Weber)
3. specialized tasks

thousands and thousands of different occupations available for an individual today

one of the seven characteristics of a rational social organization (Weber)
4. personal discipline

modern societies put a premium on self-discipline. encouraged by our cultural values of success and achievement and expected by employers

one of the seven characteristics of a rational social organization (Weber)
5. awareness of time

measurement of time has gone from recognizing seasons and rythym of the sun to precise hour by minute scheduling

one of the seven characteristics of a rational social organization (Weber)
6. technical competance

judging people based on WHAT they are, not WHO they are, with an eye toward their education, skills, and abilities. success often means keeping up with the latest skills and knowledge in one's particular field.

one of the seven characteristics of a rational social organization (Weber)
7. impersonality

the world becomes impersonal. jobs are given based on technical competance and qualifications for said job. modern society is task-oriented rather than people-oriented and emotion is devalued. emotion can compromise one's personal disciplne, threatening t

bureaucracy

Weber considered the growth of large, rational organizations- these would be bureaucracies- one of the defining traits of modern societies. much in common with capitalism.
-considered burreaucracies hihgly rational because its elements- offices, duties, a

Weber agreed with Marx in that ________ ________ was highly productive and that _________ ________ generates widespread alienation, but gave different reasons for it.

industrial capitalism
modern society

Emile Durkheim

this sociologist's great insight was recognizing that society exists beyond ourselves. more than the individuals who compose it.

social facts

patterns of human behavior- cultural norms, values, and beliefs- that exist as established structures and that have an objective reality beyond the lives of individuals

Durkheim stated that _____ was vital to the ongoing life of society itself. therefore it is considered normal since society couldnt function without it

crime

Durkheim's claim about the formation of personalities

Society is not only "beyond ourselves" but also "in ourselves" helping to form our personalities. how we act, think, and feel are part of the society that nurtures us. society also provdes the moral discipline that guides our behavior and controls our des

Durkheim's study of suicide showed that people with the _______ level of suicide rates were those with the ______ level of social integration.

highest
lowest

anomie

a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals. Durkheim warned of this, with all the freedom modern society give to individuals

mechanical solidarity (Durkheim)

social bonds, based on common sentiments and shared moral values that are strong among people of preindustrial societies. based on similarity.
-referred to as "mechanical" because people are linked together in lockstep, with more or less automatic sense o

organic solidarity (Durkheim)

social bonds, based on specialization and interdependence, that are strong among members of industrial societies.
-solidarity that was once rooted in similarities is now based on differences among people who find that their specialized work makes them rel

division of labor

specialized economic activity
-Durkheim asserts that the expansion of this is the key to change in a society

Durkheim: modern society rests less on ______ ________ and far more on ______ _______.

moral consensus
functional interdependence

Marx, Weber, and Durkheim all expressed worry about the direction society was taking. _______ was the most optimistic.

Durkheim

What holds society together? Lenski says:

members of society are united by a shared culture, although cultural patterns become more diverse as a society gains more complex technology.
as technology becomes more complex, inequality divides a society more and more
-industrialization reverses divisi

What holds society together? Marx says:

Marx saw no unity in society, only division based on class poistion.
-true social unity can only occur when production becomes a cooperative process

What holds society together? Weber says:

members of society share a worldview

What holds society together? Durkheim says:

mechanical solidarity in preindustrial societies and organic solidarity in modern society

How have societies changed? Lenski says:

societies differ mostly in terms of changing technology

How have societies changed? Marx says:

historical differences in productivity and continuing social conflict

How have societies changed? Weber says:

perspective of how people look at the world has changed

How have societies changed? Durkheim says:

from mechanical solidarity to organic

Why do societies change? Lenski says:

change comes about through technological innovation

Why do societies change? Marx says:

materialistic approach highlights the struggle between classes

Why do societies change? Weber says:

ideas contribute to social change

Why do societies change? Durkheim says:

expanding division of labor

Marx thought that a system of _____ist production always ends up creating conflict between _____ists and workers. This conflict could only end with the end of ________ism itself. (same word in all blanks)

capital

philosophical appraoch of materialism

how humans produce material goods shapes their experiences

pastoralism

domestication of animals

Summary: Gerhard Lenski points to the importance of _______ in shaping any society. He uses the term _______ _______ to mean changes that occur as a society gains new technology.

technology
sociocultural evolution

Summary: Karl Marx's _________ ________ claims that societies are defined by their economic systems: how humans produce amterial goods shapes their experiences

materialist approach

Summary: Max Weber's ________ ________ emphsizes the power of ideas to shape society

idealist approach

Summary: Emile Durkheim claimed that society has an objective existence apart from its ________ ________.

individual members

socialization

lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture.

personality

a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling, the foundation of which is social experience.

behaviorism

theory that holds that behavior is not instinctive but learned. therefore, everyone is equally human, differeing only in their cultural patterns. human behavior is rooted in nurture not nature.

John B. Watson

psychologist that developed the behaviorism theory

social isolation case- Anna

stayed in a storage room with almost no human contact for the first 5 years of her life. unresponsive when found. social isolation had caused permanent damage in development.

social isolation case- Isabelle

6 years of virtual isolation. intensive learning program pushed her through 6 years of development in only two, and by the time she was fourteen she was attending 6th grade classes and on her way to a normal life

social isolation case- Genie

from ages 2-13 she was tied to a chair in the garage and had the mental development of a one year old upon rescue. her language ability never surpassed that of a young child.

Sigmund Freud

claimed that biology plays a major role in human development, but not in terms of instinct.
-humans have two basic needs or drives present at birth: sexual and emotional bonding (life instinct) and an aggressive drive (death instinct).
-these opposing for

life instinct (freud)

#NAME?

death instinct (freud)

#NAME?

id (freud)

-latin for "it"
represents the human being's basic drives, which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction.
-rooted in biology, it is present at birth but society opposes it.

ego (freud)

-latin for "I"
a person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society.
-arises as we become aware of our distinct existance and face the fact that we cannot have everything we want

superego (freud)

-latin for "above or beyond the ego." "above oneself"
the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual. operates as our conscience, telling us WHY we cant have everything we want.
-begins to form as a child becomes aware of parental demands and

sublimination (freud)

#NAME?

cognition

how people think and understand

sensorimotor stage of cognitive development (piaget)

level of human development at which individuals experience the world only through their senses
-first two years of life

preoperational stage cognitive development (piaget)

level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols
-ages 2-6
-can think about the world mentally and use imagination

jean piaget

#NAME?

four stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational

concrete operational stage of cognitive development

-ages 7-11
level of human development at which individuals first see casual connections in their surroundings
-focus is on how and why things happen

formal operational stage of cognitive development

level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically
-beginning at age 12
-gain capacity to understand abstract thought and metaphors

lawrence kohlberg

built on Piagets work to study moral reasoning, how individuals judge situations as right and wrong.
-development occurs in stages

stages of moral development (kohlberg)

preconventional
conventional
postconventional

preconventional level- first stage of moral development (kohlberg)

early stage: when young children are experience the world in terms of pain and pleasure.
-"rightness" = "what feels good to me

conventional level- second stage of moral development (kohlberg)

this stage appears by teen years: when young people start to lose some of their selfishness as they learn to define right and wrong in terms of what pleases parents and conforms to cultural norms.
-individuals at this stage also begin to assess intention

postconventional level- third stage of moral development (kohlberg)

final stage of moral development: people move beyond their society's norms to consider abstract ethical principles like liberty, freedom, justice.

carol gilligan

#NAME?

gilligan's theory of gender and moral development

different standards of what is right for men and women.
-men have a "justice perspective", relying on formal rules to define right and wrong
-women have a "care and responsibility perspective", judging a situation with an eye toward personal relationships

george herbert mead

developed the theory if social behaviorism to explain how social experience develops a person's personality

self

part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image

mead's six points about the "self

1. the self is not there at birth, it develops. the self is a product of social experience.
-mead rejects the idea that the personality is guided by biological drives (freud) or biological maturation (piaget)
2. the self develops only within social experi

Charles Horton Cooley

coined the phrase "looking-glass self

looking-glass self

a self-image based on how we think other people see us

I" vs "me

-"I" is the part of the self that operates as the subject, being active and spontaneous
-"me" is the objective part of the self, works as an object.

according to mead, ________ __ ____ ___ ___ __ ___ _____ is the key to developing the self.

learning to take the role of the other

imitation

mimic behavior

significant others (mead)

people, such as parents, who have special importance for socialization

play, games

play involves assuming roles, games incorporate many other individuals

generalized other (mead)

widespread cultural norms and values we use as references in evaluating ourselves

Erik H. Erikson

took a broader view of socialization. explained that we face challenges throughout the life course

Erikson's eight stages of development

1. infancy
2. toddlerhood
3. preschool
4. preadolescence
5. adolescence
6. young adulthood
7. middle adulthood
8. old age

stage 1 of Erikson's stages of development: infancy

challenge of trust (vs mistrust)
must trust that the world is a safe place

stage 2 of Erikson's stages of development: toddlerhood

challenge of autonomy (vs. doubt and shame)
learn skills and gain confidence

stage 3 of Erikson's stages of development: preschool

challenge of initiative (vs. guilt)
engage in surroundings or face guilt at failing to meet the expectations of others

stage 4 of Erikson's stages of development: preadolescence

challenge of industriousness (vs. inferiority)
either feel proud of accomplishments or fear that they dont measure up

stage 5 of Erikson's stages of development: adolescence

challenge of gaining identity (vs. confusion)
struggle with wanting to identify with others yet remain unique

stage 6 of Erikson's stages of development: young adulthood

challenge of intimacy (vs. isolation)
form and maintain intimate relationships with otehrs

stage 7 of Erikson's stages of development: middle adulthood

challenge of making a difference (vs. self-absorption)
contributing to the lives of others

stage 8 of Erikson's stages of development: old age

challenge of integrity (vs. despair)
people hope to look back on their life and their accomplishments with a sense of integrity and satisfaction

four biggest agents of socialization

family
school
peer group
mass media

Family as a socialization agent: what factors of family?

nurture in early childhood
race
social class

School as a socialization agent: what factors of schooling?

gender
what children learn

hidden curriculum

informally teaching students
Ex: spelling bees. curriculum is teaching how to spell; hidden curriculum is learnign about winners and losers

peer group

a social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common.
among peers, children learn how to form relationships on their own

generation gap

differences in opinions between older and younger generations

anticipatory socialization

learning that helps a person acheive a desired position

mass media

the means of delivering impersonal communications to a vast audience
-media is plural for "medium", latin for "middle", suggesting that media connects people.

childhood

roughly the first twelve years of life. carefree time of learning and play
-children are biologically immature

adolescence

#NAME?

adulthood

time when most of life's accomplishments take place.
-job, family,

early adulthood

until about age 40
young adults learn to manage day to day affairs for themselves, often juggling priorities

middle adulthood

ages 40-65
people sense that their life circumstances are pretty well set. more aware of the fragility of health, which the young typically take for granted

old age

final stage of life itself.
gradually leaving roles, Ex: retirement

five stages of death/ dying

1. denial
2. anger
3. negotiation
4. resignation
5. acceptance

cohort

a category of people with something common, usually their age. tend to have similar views and values

total institution

a setting in whichpeople are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff

resocialization

radically changing an inmate's personality by carefully controlling the environment

2 stages of resocialization

first the staff breaks down the inmate's existing identity, then they try to build a new self in the inmate through a system of rewards and punishments

institutionalized

without the capacity of independent living. people can become this way after living in a rigidly controlled environment over a long period of time.

Summary: Sigmund Freud's model of the human personality has three parts:
__: innate, pleasure-seeking, human drives
______: the demands of society in the form of internalized values and norms
___: our efforts to balance innate, pleasure-seeking drives and

id
ego
superego

Summary: Jean Piaget believed that human development involves both biological maturation and gaining social experience. He identified four stages of cognitive development:
-the ________ stage involves knowing the world only through the senses.
-the ______

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational

Summary: Lawrence Kohlberg applied Piaget's approach to stages of moral development:
-first we judge the rightness in __________ terms, according to our individual needs.
-next, _________ moral reasoning takes account of parental attitudes and cultural no

preconventional
conventional
postconventional

Summary: Carol Gilligan found that _____ plays a major role in moral development, with _____ relying more on abstract standards of rightness and _______ relying more on the effects of actions on relationships.

gender
men
women

Summary: to George Herbert Mead:
-the ____ is a part of our personality and includes self-awareness and self-image
-the ____ develops only as a result of social experience.
-social experience involves the exchange of _____.
-social interaction depends on

self
self
ideas
role
I
me
generalized other

Summary: Cahrles Horton Cooley used the term _____-____ self to explain that we see ourselves as we imagine other people see us.

looking-glass

Summary: Erik H. Erikson identified challenges that individuals face at each stage of life from ____ to ____.

infancy
old age