Development Theories (Durkheim, Weber, Marx)
Durkheim: division of labor, solidarity, value consensus
Weber: values (lack Protestant ethic-type "this-worldly asceticism,"), traditional vs. rational-legal
Marx: exploitation by dominant classes at home linked to exploiting classes abroad
Cold War
-U.S.-led Free World versus Soviet-led Communist World from end WW II till 1990s
-each side seek allies and provide aid to show superiority of its model, values, way of life
-East Asian "tigers" as success stories
-Collapse of Soviet Union and its model
R
globalization
-Constraints of geography on economic, political, social and cultural interactions recede
-Not one directional (i.e., U.S. sweep over world) but multi-directional and many sources
-refers to the increasing global relationships of culture, people, and econ
forces of globalization
-Economic: investment, trade, lenders (private, state, multilaterals, e.g. World Bank, International Monetary Fund)
-Technological: internet, cell phones
Political, military, ideological (democracy)
-Legal agreements, e.g. NAFTA, Free Trade Areas
-Interna
this-worldly asceticism
Weber, protestant ethic to work hard and become successful; strive to be the "chosen ones".
soft power
It can be contrasted with 'hard power', which is the use of coercion and payment.
-soft power can take the form of cultural influences--this is when discussing the forces of globalization-- such as religion and social movements
NGOs
-non-governmental organization
- a legally constituted organization created by natural or legal persons that operates independently from any government
-force of globalization
Mcworld vs. Jihad
-the struggle between "McWorld" (globalization and the corporate control of the political process) and "Jihad" (tradition and traditional values, in the form of extreme nationalism or religious orthodoxy and theocracy)
-Rationalization (McWorld) or Re-enc
clash of civilizations
-a theory, proposed by political scientist Samuel P. Huntington, that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world
state
human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory." (Weber:78)
-A sovereign entity (rules itself), within a defined/specific territory (in defined borders), that holds a monopoly of t
legitimations of domination
-power relations involving dominance use one or more of the following as a basis:
-Voluntary compliance or obedience. Individuals are not forced to obey, but do so voluntarily.
-Those who obey do so because they have an interest in so doing, or at least b
Weber's 3 types or 'legitimations' of domination
-traditional (patriarchy), charismatic, rational-legal
-Weber relates that political leaders have the devotion of followers to execute their power and allow society to operate
traditional or patrimonial domination
capturing the influence of history and custom in securing power
charismatic domination
peoples' faith and hope is put to play
rational-legal domination
upholding of rules and regulations by the state which people are forced to abide by
secondary and tertiary associations
-mentioned in Putnam's "Bowling Alone" article
-A "tertiary association" is what he refers to as a "secondary association" in which users are a part of simply because they write a check, pay membership fees, or read the newsletter of
-Members of "tertiary
social capital
-"features of social organization such as networks, norms and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit."
-feature of a community; mutual benefit
-the expected collective or economic benefits (networks, norms, and social
power
the ability to achieve ends or further interests
authority
-a right conferred by recognized social position
-Authority often refers to power vested in an individual or organization by the state.
politics
the "striving to share power or striving to influence the distribution of power, either among states or groups within a state." (Weber 78).
civil society
-a realm of autonomously organized and administered associations between state and unorganized society
-connected with De Tocqueville:
-1830s trip to America after French Revolution
-Most struck by voluntary associations (p. 114)
(volunteerism)
-bulwark a
voluntary associations
-groups formed by common members of society in order to voice opinions
-refers to de Tocqueville's description of American associations
gender
-traits and expectations linked by culture to each sex
-Gender ideals: what culture holds as appropriate behavior for males and females
-Gender socialization: process of "learn" ideals (expectations) and arrangements (performing gender)
-Construction of g
sex
biological/physical characteristics; ascribed
Sexual identity
self-identity regarding sexual orientation (manner in which experience sexual arousal and achieve sexual pleasure)
-all societies are heteronormative, heterodominant
-vary in tolerance of non-exclusively hetero practice
race
physical characteristics singled out by members of a community as socially significant
ethnicity
learned cultural practices and outlooks of a given community of people that set them apart from others
Prejudice
opinions, assumptions or attitudes that prejudge a group, usually negatively
-commonly based on stereotypes
stereotypes
-stereotypes are standardized and simplified conceptions of people based on some prior assumptions
-"oversimplified, generalized images of members of a particular group" (McIntyre)
discursive power
-establishing categories and assigning and labeling people
-categories/labels can be constitutive (provide sense of identity and belonging) and oppressive
- hyphenated and mixed identities
institutionalized racism
-relatively stable norms, values, behaviors, and expectations of others based on race and ethnicity
-built into how society operates; unconscious
-a major cause of inequality
-as with other institutions, is socially constructed and very hard to change
-ro
privilege
when ascribed and achieved characteristics positively influence a person's place in stratification order (especially ascribed)
stratification
STRUCTURED INEQUALITIES:
-how individuals and groups are layered/ranked according to possession of, access to, or control of valued resources (Bourdieu calls " capital")
wealth, status, power
-stratification
-economic (wealth - class)
-social (prestige - status)
-political (power)
-wealth is often an indicator of social status, of which lends itself a certain degree of power
wealth=economic capital
status=social capital
power=political capital
status inconsistency
Wealth, status, and power tend to go together but not always
-the example from lecture is when some people have wealth but not prestige (social capital)--so when a person of high status does not have all three (wealth, status, or power)--the three tend to
mobility
anomie: describes a lack of social norms; "normlessness". It describes the breakdown of social bonds between an individual and their community ties, with fragmentation of social identity and rejection of self-regulatory values. It was popularized by Frenc
proletariat
a term used to identify a lower social class, usually the working class. connected to marx
false consciousness:
In Marxist theory, false consciousness is essentially a result of ideological control which the proletariat either do not know they are under or which they disregard with a view to their own POUM (probability/possibility of upward mobility)
gendered
division of labor between sexes, with certain social statuses (positions such as lawyer, doctor, nurse, etc.) being constructed as appropriate for one gender or another.
split labor market
related to gendered; the result of the division of labor between sexes.
dialectic
a contradiction of ideas that serves as the determining factor in their interaction.
habitus
Habitus can be defined as a system of dispositions (lasting, acquired schemes of perception, thought and action), according to Bourdieu.
anomaly
-describes a lack of social norms; "normlessness"
-describes the breakdown of social bonds between an individual and their community ties, with fragmentation of social identity and rejection of self-regulatory values
-popularized by French sociologist �mi