How does US incarceration rates compare to rest of world?
-world's leading jailer
-has both very high baseline white incarceration and huge racial disparity
-very unusual for combination of very high "baseline" majority rate AND a minority disparity
___% of all black men have been to prison. is this a poverty problem or race problem? explain.
20!!!
-it's BOTH because 57% of incarcerated men had income < $22,500
-72% incarcerated women had income < $22,500
have the incarceration rates
a) decreased
b) increased gradually
c) increased drastically
since 1980's until now?
C!!!
-skyrocketed in recent decades
-peaked at 1,600,000 in 2008 (started decreasing in 2013)
what is white backlash? which of the following decades was it especially prevalent during?
a) 1960's
b) 1970's
c) 1980's
d) all of above
-hostile reaction of white americans to advances of civil rights movements
-B!!! 1970's was era of strong affirmative action
what is affirmative action? which of the following decades was it especially prevalent during?
a) 1960's
b) 1970's
c) 1980's
d) all of above
-education and employment policies for minorities, pro-black policies
-B!!!
what is "welfare queens" referring to?
derogatory phrase used to describe people (women) who are accused of collecting excessive welfare payments through fraud/manipulation
-gave welfare even more negative connotation
what were the national politics in the 1980's?
Reagan-- republican, racialized politics
-crime as an issue
-democratic congress, bipartisan racially-targeted drug war
what were the national politics in 1992-2000?
Bill Clinton-- democratic, southerner
-seizes crime issue
-omnibus violent crime act of 1994 provides lots of $$ for police/prison, requires truth in sentencing, INCREASES incarceration
when did racial disparity in prisons peak? when did it begin to decrease?
PEAKED in 1980's
started to DECREASE in 1994
what was the "war on drugs" in 1980's?
highly racialized images of crack cocaine problem, more white than black crack addicts that didn't show up in statistics, the problem in black areas was also poverty problem
what was Clinton's Omnibus Crime bill of 1994?
bill emphasizes violent crime and building more prisons
"tough on crime" but LESS racially targeted
which of the following was not a factor of Clinton's Crime bill of 1994?
a) increase on prisons
b) racial targeting
c) more police
d) stricter enforcement of laws
B!!!
how does Wisconsin incarceration rate compare to other states?
significantly HIGHER disparities than national average
-4,042 blacks incarcerated per 100k black people
-only 416 whites incarcerated per 100k white people
*
whereas
*
-in US 2,207 blacks incarcerated per 100k black people
-in US 380 whites incarcerated p
what are the national arrest rates?
-13 blacks in 100 arrested annually compared to 5 whites in 100
what are the arrest rates in wisconsin?
41 blacks in 100 arrested annually compared to 6 whites in 100
how does institutional racism occur in policing? define each
-heightened surveillance and police repression in poor, nonwhite urban neighborhoods
-racial profiling- blacks 6 times more likely than whites to be pulled over, blacks/hispanics more likely to be searched/fined/arrested once pulled over
how was the racial gap in traffic stops in Milwaukee demonstrated?
-black driver is 7 times more likely to be stopped by city police than white driver
-hispanic drivers pulled over 5 times more than white drivers
-police searched black drivers twice rate of whites
in Milwaukee, did the more frequent searches of black people at traffic stops lead to higher rates of seized weapons, drugs, stolen property?
NO!
what is stop and frisk?
practice of city police department in which officers tops, question, frisk thousands of pedestrians annually
how is stop and frisk justified?
terry v ohio (1968) court case
-ruled stop and frisk does not violate 14th amendment
-set up standard of "reasonable suspicion
what is "reasonable suspicion" for stop and risk?
-officers "must be able to point out specific and articulable facts" that justify suspicion
-justifications include "inappropriate offseason attire" and "furtive movements
has stop and frisk been increasing or decreasing in NYC? explain
increase usage
-from less than 140,000 police stops in 2002 to 700,000 in 2011
what sentencing disparities in death penalty are prevalent?
-death penalty sentencing (blacks 38% more likely than whites sentenced to death)
-people accused of killing whites 4 times likely to receive DP as those accused of killing blacks
how does Georgia Law demonstrate disparity in black/white sentencing?
allow life sentence for repeat drug offenses (even if both offenses are minor)
-from 1990 to 1995 573 people sentenced to life, only 13 of them were white
compared to whites accused of similar crimes, non-white juvenile defendants are:
-more likely tried as adult
-receive tougher punishments
-viewed as inherently criminal by parole officers
is America today more or less racially segregated than in years following Civil War?
MORE!!!
according to Massey and Denton, what has made poverty concentration worse?
racial segregatoin
according to Massey & Denton:
as segregation ______, neighborhood environment of whites _______.
a) decreases, improves
b) increases, disproves
c) increases, improves
C!!!
-takes place without the movement of any non-poor blacks out of ghetto
any economic shock that causes a downward shift in distribution of black income level will:
a) increase poverty rate of entire group
b) cause increase in geographic concentration of poverty
c) A & B
d) neither A or B
C!!!
why does economic shocks cause increase in geographic concentration of poverty?
-due to uneven spread of poverty around metropolitan area
-greater the segregation, smaller number of neighborhoods absorbing the shock
T or F: effect of rising poverty on poverty concentration depends crucially on level of racial segregation at which increase in poverty occurs
TRUE!
what is the social and economic impact of concentrated poverty?
-downward spiral of disinvestment and decay
-loss/withdrawal of commercial institutions
-increasing welfare dependency
-growing family disruption
-rising educational failure
-rising crime/social disorder
which of the following is not an impact of concentrated poverty?
a) Wells Fargo does not have a bank in Compton
b) higher crime rates in poverty-stricken area
c) no grocery stores
d) school in ghetto meeting average standard for test scores
D!
-RISING educational failure
according to Massey and Denton, what made the underclass a black underclass?
racial segregation
what is WJ Wilson arguing?
poverty developed due to deindustrialization
what are Massey & Denton arguing in addition to Wilson's argument?
that racial segregation added to the poverty entailed by deindustrialization
-made the underclass a black underclass
what did the graph of neighborhood median income by household income and race demonstrate?
that regardless of how much money a black household makes, they're likely to live in neighborhood with MUCH lower median income
what drives patterns of racial segregation?
-racial differences in wealth/assets
-discrimination in housing market
-residential preferences (legacy of past racial hostilities)
-location of affordable and subsdidized housing
which of the following does not cause racial segregation?
a) black people are likely denied leases by white land owners
b) Jamal doesn't want to live in Grenwhich do to feeling angsty against it's mainly white residence from slavery
c) Ladaysha can only a
D!!!
A= discrimination of housing market
B= residential preferences
C= location of affordable/subsdidized housing
how are black/hispanic children at a double disadvantage?
-fewer economic resources within their family
-AND fewer resources in their neighborhood due to it being disadvantaged
T or F: segregation is agent of unequal opportunity
TRUE!
what is a food desert?
large geographic areas where mainstream grocery stores are scarce/missing
-don't have access to healthy beneficial food
-stuck with bad food from gas stations etc
Lataysha and Jamal do not have access to a grocery store with fresh fruits/vegetables. this is an example of what?
a) grocery discrimination
b) market racism
c) resource output
d) food desert
D!!!
how did US govt attempt to "civilize" native americans?
in 1870's began opening boarding school for american indians
what did these Native american boarding schools entail?
-parents forced to send children
-students forbidden from speaking native language, practice religion, or sing traditional songs
-violating rules resulted in corporal punishment
did native american's ever gain full control over education of their children?
YES! civil rights movement.
-1966 first school founded
-1969 first college founded
what was education like for African American's post civil war? why?
-forcefully excluded from education
-because education makes blacks more difficult to exploit
-education is "the great equalizer
what did Booker T Washington do?
-called for black progress through education and entrepreneurship
-created the "Atlanta compromise
what was the "Atlanta compromise"?
-blacks would not agitate for equality, integration, or justice, and Northern whites would fund black educational charities
-blacks would be submissive to whites in order to receive free basic education
-education would be limited to vocational/industrial
what'd WEB Dubois do?
-cofounder of NAACP
-opposed the Atlanta compromise, insisted on full civil rights and increased political representation (strongly protested against lynching, jim crow laws, discrimination in education/employment)
-talented tenth
what was the talented tenth?
the brightest and most talented members of the race
-should educate themselves in order to uplift all blacks
what court ruling made "seperate but equal" legal? how so?
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
-"seperate but equal" accommodations in railroad cars met 14th amendment's right to equal protection under law
-used to justify segregation in ALL public facilities
how did the NAACP fight "seperate but equal"?
-Murray v Pearson (1936)- ruled to integrate University Maryland school of law
-Sweatt v Painter (1950)- supreme court ruled to integrate University of Texas school of law
-Brown v Board of Education (1954)- dismantled legal basis of racial segregatoin
What was the Brown v Board of Education court case? why was it significant?
-NAACP lawyers used social-scientific evidence to argue schools were separate and unequal
-court's unanimous decision dismantled legal basis of racial segregation
-accepted as official end of Jim Crow
which of the following supreme court cases is seen as official end to Jim Crow laws?
a) Murray v Pearson
b) Plessy v Ferguson
c) Brown v board of education
d) Sweatt v Painter
C!!!!
which of the following supreme court cases was used to justify "separate but equal"?
a) Murray v Pearson
b) Plessy v Ferguson
c) Brown v board of education
d) Sweatt v Painter
B!!!!
what was the little rock nine?
1957, nine black teens selected by NAACP to integrate Little Rock Central High School
-blocked by Arkansas Citizens Council and Arkansas National Guard
-black students able to enter only after Eisenhower provided Army escort
what did "Kozol: Savage Inequalities" analyze?
-disparities in education between schools of different classes/races
-analyzed public school systems of East St Louis, NYC, Camden, Cincinnati, Washington DC
what did "Kozol: Savage Inequalities" discover?
racial segregation in American education is still very prevalent
-achievement gaps in reading/math between black/white and latino/white
which of the following has highest high school dropout rate?
a) latinos
b) native american's
c) blacks
d) whites
e) asians
A!
blacks are more likely than whites to:
a) attend 2 year college
b) go to school part-time
c) take remedial classes
d) all of above
D
what explains educational inequality?
-school dynamics
-economic inequality
-family dynamics
-cultural dynamics
how do school dynamics create educational inequality?
-racialized school discipline
-implicit bias
-disqualified teachers in low-income neighborhoods
what is the evidence supporting racialized school discipline?
-70% of students involved in school-related arrests referred to law enforcement were black/hispanic
-black students 3.5 times more likely than white students to be expelled
-research suggests that black male students don't act out any more than white male
what is implicit bias?
unconscious attitudes or prejudices that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions
how doe implicit bias impact a school's dynamics to making it more educationally unequal?
-can influence a teacher's expectations for students' academic success
-teachers/school administrator's choose more severe punishment for black students
Mr. Johnson only calls on his white students for answers and makes sure to give them extra help, since he unconsciously assumes the black students don't know the answer. what is this an example of?
a) implicit bias
b) racism
c) homophily
d) self-bias
A!
how do disqualified teachers impact educational inequality?
qualified teachers have little/no incentive to teach in poorer neighborhoods
-in predominantly poor nonwhite areas, many students taught by unqualified teachers
how does the role of economics tie into educational inequality?
due to racialized economic inequality, black/hispanic parents have fewer resources to invest in children's schooling
what does the role of family play into educational inequality?
-cultural capital-- parents provide their children with this by transmitting attitudes/knowledge needed to succeed in current educational system
-those with more cultural capital better understand hidden curriculums
-social capital-- importance of ties to
what's cultural capital?
social assets that promote social mobility and prestige beyond economic means; education, intellect, taste, style of speech, dress, physical appearance
how is cultural capital spread?
-through class background, reproduces one's class position
-non-financial assets; BUT transformed into financial gains
Alison teaches her daughter, Abbey, how to dress professionally, as well as how to nail her interviews! this is an example of what?
a) social capital
b) cultural capital
c) critical capital
d) professional capital
B!!!
what is hidden curriculum? how is it understood? what does it entail?
-unspoken values, dispositions, social and behavioral expectation
-through cultural capital
-academic success
what's social capital?
sum of all resources one accrues by virtue of being connected to a network of people
Abbey got an internship through her sister's best friend at an elite public relations firm in Chicago. What is this an example of?
a) social capital
b) homophily
c) cultural capital
d) professionalism
A!!!
what is the fallacy of undifferntiating difference
takes hold of all the extremely diverse histories and social experiences of nonwhite groups and flattens them
Educators group the dropout rate of blacks, hispanics, and asians into one categorical problem. what is this an example of?
a) intrusion
b) implicit bias
c) oppositional culture
d) fallacy of undifferentiating difference
D!!!
-they're grouping all of the minorities into one
-need to reflect on each of the minorities' roots in order to understand the real problem
asking, "why are Asians outpacing blacks and Hispanics in school?" is an example of what fallacy?
a) individualistic fallacy
b) ahistorical fallacy
c) fallacy of un-differentiating difference
d) none of above
C!!!
what impact does the role of culture have on educational inequality?
-fallacy of un-differentiating difference
-involuntary vs voluntary minorities
-oppositional culture
what is involuntary vs voluntary minorities?
historically, certain racial groups were brought to US against their will, while others voluntarily migrated here
-economic privileges of voluntary minorities (accrued in home countries) translate into other kinds of privileges
what is oppositional culture?
a collection of linguistic, behavioral, aesthetic, and spiritual attitudes and practices formed in direct opposition of white mainstream white culture
where does oppositional culture come from?
molded by structural and historical forces; rooted in slavery and conditioned by economic inequality
what does "Keepin' It Real: school success beyond black and white" say in terms of applying oppositional culture to minorities' success in school?
-oppositional culture does NOT apply to educational success/failure
-resistance to "acting white" is about maintaining cultural identity, not about rejecting dominant standards of achievement
-students "preform blackness" or "act spanish" but aren't apath
why doesn't the "acting white" theory add up? why can't it be applied to the achievement gap between white and minority students?
-it's smaller classes, safer schools, more resources for getting into college that HELP make education better
-it's NOT that black families don't value education!! "they have the will, but lack the way"
-there's no evidence to support minorities don't val
what is the reality of affirmative action?
-whites/asian's continue to apply/enroll/graduate from college at higher rates than other minorities
-many qualified white/asian applicants are rejected from universities because spots reserved for socially privileged white applicants w/ ties to school (1
what is the positive impact of affirmative action?
-has been effective in helping minimize gender- and race- based exclusion
-number of black students would drop from 7% to 2% if affirmative action removed from admission policies
what is voluntary association?
group of individuals who join together voluntarily to form organization in order to accomplish a purpose, whether political, economic, or leisure-oriented
what does Tocqueville say about associations?
healthy and functioning democracy requires citizens to establish communal bonds
T or F: associations can exclude just as easily as they can unite
T
what is ethnic nationalism?
small but committed subset of people of color fought against racial integration
--believed racial segregation and complete independence from whites was only answer to racial domination
why are associations important
collective action!!!
-influence law-making, police-directions, solidarity networks, institutional capital
who is Marcus Garvey?
-creator of United Negro Improvement Association
-believed solution to white supremacy found only in strength of black community
-ANTI-integration
-promoted RETURN to africa for blacks
who is Malcom X?
converted to Nation of Islam-- small separatist black sect led by Elijah Muhammad
-promoted race pride, isolation, self discipline
what were the failures of black nationalism?
-separate black nation never came to be
-racial integration became widely desired goal
what were the successes of black nationalism?
-struck a blow to symbolic violence
-nurtured PRIDE in blackness, black history, black culture
what is civil society?
all non-govenmental organizations/institutions that manifest interests/will of citizens; individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of govt
which race is most likely to join voluntary associations/participate in community activities?
a) blacks
b) native americans
c) whites
d) latinos
C
-people of color have low rates of social trust
-people of color disillusioned with civil society
-racialized economic inequality limits participation
what are the implications of those who do not participate in civil society?
-don't fully exercise political power
-do not act upon their rights
-may feel isolated from broader society
-grow cynical
how does immigration create barriers to civic participation?
-lack of english proficiency
-time of arrival- recent immigrants tend to participate less
-bad experiences w/ immigration
what is homophily?
practice of associating with people like you
T or F: you're more likely to associate regularly with people outside your class, religion, educational level than people of different racial/ethnic groups
TRU
what is baseline homophily? provide examples
homophily effects that are created by the demography of the potential pool
-available within the population based on group size in combination with other attributes like education, occupation
what is inbreeding homophily?
homophily measured as explicitly over and above the opportunity set
-homophily beyond predicted baseline random assortment
what is boundary work?
the multiple ways people create, uphold, traverse social boundaries that separate familar/unfamiliar, welcome from unwelcome, "us" from "them
give some examples of boundary work
-fraternities
-sororities
-bars and nightclubs with dress codes against stereotypical black ppl clothes
what's the propinquity effect?
tendency to form friendships based on shared social situations
you tend to become friends with your neighbors, people at your school, people on your sports team, people you work with. What is this an example of?
a) mere exposure effect
b) homophily
c) baseline homophily
d) propinquity effect
D!!!
-tendency to form friendships based on shared social situations
what is the mere exposure effect?
people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they're familiar with them
can the homophily effect ever be overcame?
YES!
-propinquity and mere exposure effect can assist in overcoming homophily
give an example of homophily being overcome
white students with black roommates first year of college MORE comfortable with interacting with members of other racial groups later in college, expressed higher levels for affirmative action policies
what does the intergroup contact theory claim?
that three conditions under which propinquity will lead to positive relations
-equal status interaction
-cooperative interdependence
-explicit support for intergroup missing from recognized authority figures
what is art
the collection of things that constitute culture(s), especially those objects and performances that are subject to aesthetic appraisal
what is aesthetic
concerned with appreciation of beauty/art
why is art sociologically important?
it's produced by people who are embedded in larger social contexts
-consumption of art affects our understanding of and beliefs about world
what types of art are central features of modern society
movies, tv, music, visual advertising
what is triple reading of art
1) aesthetic reading
2) political reading
3) racial reading
what is aesthetic reading?
how does the artist engage fellow artists
what is political reading
what is the artist trying to tell us about the social world (racial domination, sexism, poverty)
what is racial reading
how does the artwork build on or break with specific racial or ethnic traditions
what is white aesthetic?
the white body and experience presented as NORMAL
-presents itself as un-raced representation of social world, default category, "the universal
how is white aesthetic prevalent on network tv?
-how i met your mother is 84% white, 8% black
-HBO 32 of 42 have all-white main characters
what is the white aesthetic of news media?
blacks/hispanics overrepresented as criminals, whereas whites overrepresented as victims
black missing children underrepresented
what is the magical negro
black person in story about white characters
-seems to always help white protagonist
-disappears, dies, sacrifices something of great value to help white protagonist
-wise, patient, spirtiually in touch
what is anti-racist aesthetic
-corrects distorted representations of people of color/racial domination
-forces audience to confront American racial history honestly/corageously
what is racist aesthetic
-if white normalizes whiteness, racist aesthetic depicts people of color in NEGATIVE ways
-if white aesthetic IGNORES black ppl, racist aesthetic represents them but NEVER in full humanity; infantilizes, domonizes them
what are the 3 ways racial aesthetic misrepresents racial domination?
1) whitewashing history
2) pretend racial domination does not exist
3) depict racism as purely psychological issue (individualistic fallacy)
what aesthetic is the movie "the Help" belonging too?
a) white aesthetic
b) racist aesthetic
c) antiracist aesthetic
B!!
-white girl tells story of brave black women, becomes the hero not the black women
how does boundary work play into immigration?
immigrants are always left out of those boundaries
could new groups potentially be included in the "us
yes, every time boundaries are redrawn, new groups defined as us/them
how do dominican & guatamalens challenge the homogenization of "latinos" into a single group ("Latino" in atlanta
developing and maintaining identities and organizations that disassociate them with homogenization under new racial category "latino
How do Guatemalans negotiate/challenge boundaries?
create a pan-Mayan identity, community organizations/religious organizations
how do Domincans challenge boundaries?
find they can "pass" as black, which could engender race-based discrimination OR enhance access to resources enjoyed by Atlanta's large black middle class
what is Arizona's Support our Law enforcement and safe neighborhoods Act?
police to determine the immigration status of someone arrested/detained where is "reasonable suspicion" they aren't in US legally
what's wrong with Arizona's support our law enforcement and safe neighborhoods act?
-rampant racial profiling against latinos, asian americans and others presumed to be "foreign" based on how they look/sound
are there more bills like Arizona's?
YES...
-alabama georgia indiana south carolina
dozens
what was the chinese exclusion act of 1882
-prohibited all immigration of chinese laborers
-repealed in 1943
what was significant with chinese exclusion act
first law implemented to prevent a specific ethnic group from immigrating to US
where do most unauthorized immigrants live?
60%
live in california, texas, florida, NY, NJ, illinois
is illegal immigration on the rise?
NO
-actually declined to 11.1 million in 2009 after peaking at 12 million in 2011
what implications do illegal immigrants have on economics?
undocumented workers have lowered wages of US adults w/o hs diploma by .4 to 7.4%
what are positives to immigrant workers?
contribute 15 billion/year to social security
-only take out 1 billion
what is the dream act
a multi-phase process for undocumented immigrants in the US that would first grant conditional residency and upon meeting further qualifications, permanent residency
what are the theories of assimilation/immigration?
-straight line assimilation
-theory of segmented assimilation
-neo-assimilationist theory
what theory of segmented assimilation?
1) straight line assimilation: vast majority eventually assimilates into american society
2) downward assimilation: risk of assimilating low-income and underclasses of host society (Mexicans/Afro-caribbean)
3) selective acculturation: preservation of immi
what are the criticisms of TSA?
overemphasis on downward assimilation
-role "immigrant community" as protective enclave
-assimilation as a concept criticized
what is the reason for optimism in regards to progress toward racial justice?
-integration of military, sports, etc
-pop culture, art and media; people of color more represented than ever
-black/hispanic middle class have grown
-american indian nations have created effective economic development strategies
what is civic responsibility?
our ability, our power to change our community and beyond
what's the difference between civic and personal responsibility?
personal responsibility has to do with our connection to the problem, civic responsibility is about our connection to the solution
what are the 4 levels/sites of change we can illicit in our communities?
1) changing ourselves
2) changing our inner circle
3) changing our institutions
4) changing our nation
how can we change ourselves?
-be honestly self-reflexive (evaluate your position in society, your education, historical reflexivity)
-identifying our prejudices and attempting to scrutinize and evict them
-work together!!!
how can we change our inner circles?
-hold them accountable for their words/actions
what are 4 useful techniques for holding people accountable (in order to CHANGE inner circle)
1) take their prejudices seriously
2) ask questions to understand why
3) do your homework; offer better
interpretations
4) do not turn conversation into a debate to "win
how can we change our institutions?
as citizens we can change the politics, our choices can change the politics, as much as the customers' choices can change a private company
how can we change our nation?
collective action
what happened at 1968 mexico city olympics?
tommie smith and john carlos stage protest after medaling in 200m sprint
-afterwards Smith/Carlos ostracized, criticized, threatened
how are modern sports a mediated spectacle?
messages about race presented through sports themselves, through commentary and through advertisements
how do race/sports interact in today's world of commercial media and sports?
Wannel (1992)
-success of black athletes framed as result of innate/natural athletic ability
-success of white athletes attributed to intelligence, mental effort, hard work
Dewar (1993)
-attributions of natural sports ability to blacks upholds the stereot
how does the media frame athletes?
Vickland (2009)
-positive physical descriptors used 160 times for black players, 63 times for white players
-positive cognitive/personal characteristics used 29 times for blacks, 62 times for whites
what is the televised sports manhood formula?
-concerned with effect of sports media on young boys' ideas about masculinity
-found sports programming present narrow/stereotypical messages about race, gender, violence
-identified 10 themes that make up "televised sports manhood formula
what's first theme in "televised sports manhood formula" theory
-white men are voices of authority (more coaches/owners/commentators are white, more captain positions to whites)
-whites foregrounded in commercials
-women sexy props/prizes for mens' successful sport performances/consumer choices
-aggressive players get
which of the following is not a theme in Televised Sports Manhood formula?
a) white men are voices of authority
b) whites foregrounded in commercials
c) women are sexy props and prizes for men's success
d) aggressive players get the prize
e) all of above
E!!!
what did avatars demonstrate for virtual skin color and altruism with foot-in-the-door condition?
no difference in compliance between dark and light skinned avatars
what did avatars demonstrate for virtual skin color and altruism with door-in face condition?
dark-skinned avatars less likely to receive complians in door-in-face condition