transformation
What is the process called that harmless bacteria could change and become virulent
Frederick Griffith
Who discovered transformation?
Avery and McCarty
discovered that DNA is the transforming factor
Hershey and Chase
studied bacteriophages, proved DNA carries genetic code
Bacteriophage
Virus that injects bacteria
polymer of nucleotides, nucleotide has 3 parts, 1. deoxyribose 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogenous base
What does the DNA structure look like?
4 nitrogenous bases
How many nitrogenous bases does DNA have?
Single ring
purines
Double ring
pyrimidines
adenine and guanine
Double ring?
cytosine and thymine
single ring?
to form long chains
Why do nucleotides link together?
sugars and phosphates bond covalently
What is the backbone of DNA?
double stranded
DNA is___
Franklin and Wilkins
took x-ray of DNA molecule
DNA is twisted
What does the x-ray indicate?
Watson and Crick
Who built the 3-D model of DNA
Franklin
Who's picture helped Watson and Crick build the DNA model?
a spiral "double helix
What did Watson and Crick's model look like?
adenosine equals
thymine
cytosine equals
guanine
thymine
adenine pairs with?
adenine
thymine pairs with?
cytosine
guanine pairs with?
guanine
cytosine pairs with?
(A-T)(C-G) hydrogen bonds hold 2 strands of DNA together
What is base pairing?
WIlkins, Watson, and Crick
Who won the nobel peace prize in 1962?
She was dead and the prize is not awarded after death
Why didn't Franklin get a nobel peace prize?
DNA must replicate so each new cell has a complete copy of DNA.
before a cell can divide ____.
pattern
each strand is a ______ for a new strand
That DNA unzips
What did Watson and Crick hypothesis?
enzymes
What breaks bonds between base pairs?
match up with free bases
What do the new base pairs do?
T A C G A T G A C DNA transcription
A T G C T A C T G DNA transcription
sequence
DNA has a set of instruction coded in _______ of nucleotides.
RNA
Part of the DNA sequence is copied into ____
nucleic acid that is a messenger between DNA and ribosomes
What is RNA?
protein synthesis
RNA carries out ______ _________
long polymer of nucleotides
What is the structure of RNA?
RNA SUGAR IS RIBOSE-DNA SUGAR IS DEOXYRIBOSE
RNA IS SINGLE STRANDED-DNA IS DOUBLE STRANDED
RNA HAS URACIL(U)-DNA HAS THYMINE(T)
the U bonds with the A instead of the T
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA?
messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA
What are the three forms of RNA?
Carries DNA code to ribosome
What does messenger RNA do?
brings amino acids to ribosomes
What does transfer RNA do?
forms structure of ribosome
What does ribosomal RNA do?
DNA's code
_______ ______ is copied into RNA
transcription
What transfers DNA into RNA
RNA polymerase
What attaches to DNA?
separates DNA and builds complementary strand of RNA
What does RNA polymerase do?
A C T G A T G C A G RNA transcription
U G A C U A C G U C RNA transcription
DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF DNA REPLICATION
COMPARE AND CONTRAST DNA AND RNA
DESCRIBE HOW THE DNA CODE LEADS TO THE FORMATION OF A PROTEIN
LEARNING TARGETS
DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase
What are the three DNA enzymes?
RNA polymerase
What is the RNA enzyme?
splits
What does DNA helicase do?
bonds nucleotides to rejoin DNA
What does DNA ligase do?
builds
What does DNA polymerase do?
RNA
What does all of the work in DNA replication?
DNA
Who gets all of the credit for DNA replication?
coding strand
genetic code
non-coding strand
pattern(template) for the code
anti-parallel
side by side but against each other
hydrogen bonds
What holds the two strands of DNA together?
nucleus
Where is DNA found?
ribosomes
Where are proteins made?
protein synthesis
How does DNA control cell function?
6.4 billion
How many nucleotides are in 1 cell?
Hershey and Chase
Who convinced the science community the DNA was genetic material
bacteriophage
visus the injects bacteria
sugar and phosphate
What are the backbones to DNA?
covalent
DNA bonds are_____?