Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders

Abnormal behavior

Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.

DeviantMaladaptivePersonal Distress

What are the 3 characteristics of Abnormal Behavior?

Biological factors - genes and neurotransmittersPsychological - childhood experience, traumatic eventSocial - environment, poor economic status,

What is the BioPsychoSocial Model to explain psychological disorders?

Deviant

behavior does not conform to accepted social standards

Maladaptive

behaviors that interfere with a person's ability to function effectively in the world

Personal distress

behavior that causes the individual mental and/or physical distress over a long period of time - the person finds the behavior troubling (ie: bulimia)

Medical Model

The view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin -the brain, genetics, and neurotransmitters

Vulnerability-stress hypothesis or diathesis-stress model

Theory suggesting that preexisting conditions (such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences) may put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder -this in combo with a stressful experience can develop a psychological disorder

DSM-5

the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States(creates a stigma of mental disorders)

Attention-defecit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A common psychological disorder in which the individual exhibits one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Anxiety Disorders

Disabling (uncontrollable and disruptive) psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts

Generalized anxiety disorders

Anxiety disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least 6 months, and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety.

Panic Disorder

Anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden, onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause

Specific phobia

Anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation

Social Anxiety disorder or social phobia

Anxiety disorder in which the individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Psychological disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situationa. Obsessions - recurrent thoughtsb. Compulsions - recurrent behaviors i. Examples: Hoarding, Excoriation (picking at your skin), Trichotillomania (hair pulling), and Body dysmorphic disorder (body flaw obsession)

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Psychological disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, cruel abuse, or a natural or an unnatural disastera. Symptoms: Flashbacks of experiences, Avoidance of emotions, Feeling of anxiety, difficulty with memory and concentration, impulsive behavior

Depressive disorder

Psychological disorders in which the individual suffers from depression - an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life

GeneticPrefrontal Cortex (higher-order functioning)SerotoninNorepinephrineLearned helplessnessPessimistic attribution stylelow economic statueswomen are more likely to be depressed

What are many the causes of Depression?

Major Depressive disorder

Psychological disorders involving a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks• Symptoms: depressed most of the day, reduced interest, weight loss/gain, sleeping issues - too much/too little, loss of energy, worthlessness/guilt, concentration problems, recurrent thoughts of death/suicide, no history of manic episodes

Persistent Depressive disorder

less extreme depressive mood for over 2 months -symptoms: hopelessness, lack of energy, poor concentration, sleep problems

Bipolar disorder

Psychological disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state

Bipolar disorder 1

individuals who have extreme manic episodes during which they may experience hallucinations - (seeing/hearing things that aren't there)

Bipolar disorder 2

the milder version in which the individual may experience a less extreme level of euphoria

Dissociative disorder

Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the dissociation (separation) of the individual's conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts -people have lower volumes in the amygdala and hippocampus

dissociation

psychological states in which the person feels disconnected from the immediate experience

Dissociative Amnesia

Dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stressa. Aspects of their own identity and autobiographical experiences are forgottenb. Some people will assume a new identity - and not remember

amnesia

the inability to recall important events

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) (formerly called multiple personality disorder)

Dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships; formerly called multiple personality disordera. Most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorderb. One identity dominates at one time; another takes over at another timec. Majority of people with DID are women, 70% were severely sexually abused as a child

Social construction

represents a category some people adopt to make sense out of their life experiences. (a theory of what DID is)

Psychosis

Psychological state in which a person's perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality

Schizophrenia

Severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes; individuals suffering from schizo may be referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality• May see things that aren't there, hear voices in there head, and live in a terrifying world of twisted logic• May say odd things, show weird emotions, and move their bodies in weird ways• Usually isolated and socially withdrawn• Suicide risk is 8 times higher than the rest of the population

Dopamine levels are low -think that everything needs to be noticed (dead bird on sidewalk)Prefrontal CortexGenes

Causes of Schizophrenia

Positive symptoms

a distortion or an excess of normal functiona. They are "positive" because they reflect something added above and beyond normal behavior

HallucinationsDelusionsThought DisordersMovement Disorders

Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia

Neologisms

make up new words

Referential Thinking

ascribing personal meaning to completely random events (example: a dead bird on the sidewalk is a sign from God / the person sitting next to you is an agent for the government)

Catatonic

State of immobility and unresponsiveness lasting for long periods of time

Negative Symptoms

reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions

Flat affect

The display of little or no emotion - commoni. May have inability to plan and engage in goals

Cognitive Symptoms

deficits in executive functioninga. Difficulty sustaining attention, problems holding information in memory, inability to interpret information and make decisions

Personality Disorders

Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual's personality

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)

Psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceita. lack empathy for othersb. egocentricc. willing to use others for their own personal gaind. aggressive and potentially violente. less stressed out by punishment

Psychopaths

one subgroup of people with ASPDi. Remorseless predators who engage in violence to get what they wantii. John Wayne Gacy and Ted Bundy

i. Antisocial/impulsive beingsii. Fearless dominance (a lot of presidents have had this)

What are the two types of Psychopathy?

Borderline Personality Disorder

Psychological disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts a. Related to self-harming behaviors such as cutting and suicideb. really bad personal relationships

Hypervigilance

the tendency to be constantly on the alert

Genetics

Which of the following characteristics is NOT used to explain psychological disorders using the psychological approach?

Abnormal behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world.

Which of the following statements is true regarding abnormal behavior?

Koro

_____ is a culture-related disorder in China and Southeast Asia that involves the terrifying belief that one's genitalia are retracting into one's abdomen.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

The _____ is the name of the manual that was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.

Runs in the family - geneticReligious views - may affect b/c of afterlifewoman are 3x more likely to attempt suicide / men are 4x more likely to die from suicide

Factors of committing suicide