Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.
Counter Reformation
the Catholic Church's series of reforms in response to the spread of Protestantism in the mid-1500s to the early 1600s
Henry VIII
Established the Church of England in 1532. King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism.
Theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
annul
to cancel or declare invalid
John Calvin
religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society
Justification of Faith
Martin Luther's concept that faith alone is enough to bring salvation
selling of indulgences
Practice of popes/clergy using their authority to limit the time a person's soul spent in purgatory, in exchange for cash. Martin Luther found this corrupt.
certificate of indulgence
issued by the Church that were said to reduce or even cancel punishment for a person's sins
Ties between the Catholic Church and England were weakened by
Henry VIII's decision to divorce or annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
Europe from the 1500s could be roughly divided between
a Protestant north and a Catholic south
How did Martin Luther begin the Protestant Reformation?
He posted 95 theses to a church door in Wittenberg.
recant
to give up one's views. Withdraw a statement or belief to which one has previously been committed, renounce, retract
Predestination
the belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power
Elizabeth I
English Queen and who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise and led a moderate course in religion known as Anglicanism
Pope Paul III
Pope who led the Catholic Reformation by calling for the Council of Trent.
Council of Trent
Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
Inquisition
A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy
The two main goals of the Council of Trent
were to address abuses in the Church and to clarify Catholic teaching to meet the Protestant challenges.
Jesuits
Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.
self-flagellation
Literally: the action or practicing of whipping oneself, especially as a form of religious discipline.