Who is considered the face of the justice system, and most likely the first point of contact within the justice system?
police
What are the three official roles of the police?
law enforcement, order maintenance, and service
Historically, when were youth more often supervised and disciplined by parents and communities rather than the police?
prior to industrialization
Why were police forces first established?
to deal with issues of social disorder and social change associated with industrialization
Where were police forces first established?
large metropolitan areas
When were police forces first established?
1830-1840s
What are the 3 historical eras that policing is often divided into?
political, reform, and community
What policing era is is considered to be a period from 1840-1930 and is characterized by police officers being appointed by politicians and used by politicians to maintain their power?
political era
Who was at the forefront of the reform era of policing and is considered the pioneer for police professionalism?
chief august vollmer
Which policing era lasted from 1930-1960 and is characterized by efforts to balance police discretion with standards of justice and professionalism?
reform era
What is often viewed as the beginning of criminal justice as a field?
the school of criminology at the university of California at Berkeley
Which policing era began in the 1960s and continues into present day?
community strategy era
Which policing era focused on the police building relationships with the community through interactions with local agencies and members of the public, creating partnerships and strategies for reducing crime and disorder?
community strategy era
Which policing era aimed to create strong communities and eliminate root issues of delinquency and crime?
community strategy era
What commonly occurs through the use of visual cues when determining the probability that a suspect has committed a crime?
police decision making
What gender and age group is the most heavily policed?
young men
What girls are treated much more harshly by police?
black and hispanic
What occurs when a person is selected for questioning about possible criminal activity because certain traits, personal or behavioral, that the person possesses seem to fit a "profile" associated with criminal behavior?
criminal profiling
What is a form of criminal profiling that refers to the sole use of race or ethnicity in developing a perception of criminality?
racial or ethnic profiling
What term refers to the loss of respect and confidence in the authority and legitimacy of police?
police cynicism
Since 1999, drug use among youth has _________________
declined
What is drug use among youth patterned by?
social groups and social characteristics
What is the name of the survey that was conducted in 1975 that addressed admitted delinquency among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders throughout the country?
monitoring the future survey
What is the most common illicit drug used and accounts for most of lifetime usage patterns found in MTF survey?
Marijuana
When perceived risk of a drug goes up, use of that drug goes _________
down
What is referred to as how risky believe a substance to be in terms of health, legality, etc.?
perceived risk
Public responses like perceptions of risk and classifications of drugs have also been linked to __________________________________
moral panics
Who and when developed the concept of moral panic?
stanley cohen in 1972
What is generally referred to as a period of widespread fear and anxiety over a perceived threat to society and order that is often excessive and unreasonable?
moral panic
What is an example of the absurdity of a moral panic based on a problem that turned out to be imaginary?
jankem panic
What did Nixon officially declare in the early 1970s?
war on drugs
What drug was Nixon particularly focused on when he declared the war on drugs?
marijuana
Who was assigned to study the scope and breadth of marijuana usage in the US?
National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse
The National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse recommended cannabis decriminalized and that federal resources should be devoted to tackling ________________ instead
heroin
What act set into motion the Controlled Substances Act and when was it passed?
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
What are the classifications of substances (five categories) called that are used by the DEA?
schedules
A drugs schedule is based on what four things?
potential for abuse, safety, addictive potential, and whether or not it has any legitimate medical uses
What drugs are thought to be the most dangerous and have the highest potential for abuse, addiction, harm, and have no medical applications?
schedule 1
What does the federal define drugs with no currently acceptable medical use and a high potential for abuse as?
schedule 1
Heroin, LSD, marijuana, and ecstasy are considered __________________________ drugs
schedule 1
What drugs have a high potential for abuse, although less than schedule 1 drugs, can cause physical or psychological dependence, and used to have medical use in the US and were available by prescription?
schedule 2
Oxycontin, Percocet, cocaine, and adder all are considered _____________________________ drugs
schedule 2
Different forms of the same drug can carry different ________________________ despite being on the same drug schedule
sentences
What drugs is a good illustration of legislative responses stemming from a series of moral panics that were perhaps more about race, class, and nationality?
marijuana
What drug began to appear in major cities between 1984-1985?
crack cocaine
Nixon's war on drugs shifted from an originally focus on marijuana to _____________________ in the 1980s
crack cocaine
In the form of crack, crack cocaine could now be packaged in ______________ and _____ _______________ quantities than powder cocaine
smaller, less expensive
What revolutionized inner city drug markets?
crack cocaine
the chemical difference between crack cocaine and powder cocaine are (major/minor)
minor
The differences between crack cocaine and powder cocaine is primarily due to what?
method of administration
What act mandated federal mandatory minimums for crack and powder cocaine?
Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986
What was the minimum for crack and powder cocaine disparity when the Anti-Drug Abuse Act was implemented?
100:1
Who were increasingly disproportionately incarcerated for drug offenses?
poor black and hispanic Americans
What act reduced the sentencing disparity between crack and cocaine to 18:1?
2010 Fair Sentencing Act
Crack was overwhelmingly associated with __________ communities and the response was to _________________________
black / criminalize
The opioid crisis is associated with _______________ communities and the response has been to _________________________
white / medicalize
What is the largest and most popular drug prevention program that was founded in 1983 in a partnership between LA police and LA public schools?
DARE
Waves of studies showed that DARE was ____________________ in preventing teen drug use
ineffective
What is DARE's new, slightly more effective, program called?
Keepin it REAL
What gender makes up about 14% of the juvenile justice population?
girls
Throughout the 1980s-1990s juvenile crime rates for both boys and girls ______________________
increased
What term was used by the media and academics to explain a new group of youth more ruthless and violent than any other generation?
super predator
What is used frequently to justify the war on crime?
super predator concept
Who is credited as the first criminologist for being the first to employ a scientific approach to study criminality?
Lombroso
Lombrosos found that criminal women tended to be (tall/short), have (dark/light) hair, and have ____________
short/dark/moles
According to Lombroso, criminal women tended to be less ___________________ than criminal men
marked
What was Lombroso's hierarchy in relation to gender?
Noncriminal men>criminal men>normal women>criminal women
Freud argued that girls acted out because of ______________________________
penis envy
What sociologist linked deviance to women roles in society?
W.I. Thomas
According to Thomas, what women were more likely to commit crimes like prostitution?
poor
What movement offered new opportunities to women and when did it occur?
Women Rights Movement in 1960-1970s
What facilitated in shifts in understandings of sexuality such that women were less defined by virginity?
sexual revolution
As women lived much more public lives, there were more opportunities to ____________________________________
commit crime
Prior to the Women's Movement, most girls were prosecuted for delinquent offenses tied to their _____________________
sexuality
What perspectives examine how law and criminal/delinquent policies differentially impact women?
feminist
What doe scholars like Checney-Lind argue must be a primary lens to examine the roots of criminality among girls and women?
gender
In early colonial law, rape was considered a ________________________________
property crime
The DOJ estimates that between __________% of rape cases go unreported
60-70
What does the AMA maintain is the most underreported crime?
rape
As many as ____% of girls in some states juvenile justice facilities have a history of sexual or physical abuse
80
In many cases, _______________________________ is directly related to girls offenses, especially status offenses
sexual abuse
What types of offenses are girls more likely to be charged and detained for?
status
____% of girls are incarcerated for status offenses versus ____% of boys
11/4
What are girls arrested for status offenses typically arrested for?
curfew violations and running away from home
Chesney and Lind report that most girls who run away, report that they are were escaping __________
abuse
What do some analyses of the increasing trends of girls getting arrested for violent offenses attribute it to?
shifting definition of female aggression
Black and Hispanic girls are significantly ________ likely to be placed in detention facilities than white girls
more
_____________________ class girls are more likely to be placed in detention facilities
poor and working
Why are middle and upper class girls less likely to be placed in detention centers?
their families can afford private attorneys and private insurance
Many of the names of procedures within the juvenile justice system are changed to reduce ___________
stigma
What were the original stated goals of the juvenile justice system?
treatment and rehabilitation rather than punishment
Over 80% of cases are referred to juvenile court by _______________________
the police
What three options to police have after witnessing or being told of a juvenile offense?
warning/citation, escort home, arrest
After an arrest is made, ______________ occurs
intake
What are the three options during intake of a juvenile into the justice system?
dismissal, hold for continued review, refer to juvenile court judge
What are formal referrals to the court from police/intake officer called?
petitions
What does a petition list?
type of offense, when the offense was committed, the victim, and other relevant information
Once a case is petitioned to a juvenile court judge, a ____________________ is established
hearing
What process in the juvenile justice system determines whether the suspect should remain in custody pending and official hearing and solicits information from parents, school officials, etc.?
detention hearing
If the suspect is _________________ they are held in a juvenile detention center
detained
What is the court hearing of a case called in the juvenile justice system?
adjudicatory hearing
What process determines the merits of the case, whether the accused is likely to have committed the offense, and a verdict is determined?
adjudicatory hearing
What are the two different verdicts a judge can give after an adjudicatory hearing?
adjudicated not delinquent to adjudicated delinquent
Verdict is a finding of ______________________, not of ___________
delinquency/guilt
What are the options available to a juvenile judge upon adjudicating one delinquent?
dispositions
What are the different dispositions available to a juvenile judge?
probation, paying restitution, fine paid, placement, or drug court
What are the different placements outside of an offenders home that court dispositions can decide?
another relative, foster care, or commitment to a juvenile correction facility
What is a relatively new form of juvenile justice that represents an alternative sentence?
drug court
Drug courts are meant to keep the offenders in the ______________________
community
____% of drug offenders released from prison return to drug use
80
______________________ now refer people to treatment than any other drug intervention in the US
drug courts
Drugs courts have been highly successful in reducing _____________________
recidivism
When and where was the first drug court established?
Miami 1989
Now over _________ drug courts representing all 50 states
3000
What is often discussed as the most successful intervention in Us history for getting those struggling with addiction out of the criminal justice system and into treatment?
drug courts
Where and when was the first Opioid Intervention Court started?
Buffalo 2017
What is the decision to transfer a case from juvenile court to adult court that rests with the presiding juvenile court judge in most cases called?
judicial waiver
The decision to waive a case is likely attributed to what factors?
Severity of the case, likelihood of rehabilitation in juvenile justice system, previous offenses, and the damage or harm caused by the offense
Most transfers occur via _______________________________
judicial waiver
Some states have given local prosecutors __________________________ ___________________________, or discretion over waiving certain cases
concurrent jurisdiction
What is referred to as certain categories of offenses for which juveniles could be transferred to adult court without a judicial waiver?
statutory exclusions
What is referred to as the youngest age a juvenile could be transferred to adult court
minimum age of transfer
Juveniles have ___x the risk of committing suicide in adult prison than adults do
2
Waived juveniles have higher _____________________
recidivism
What court case banned the death penalty for juveniles, regardless of offense?
Roper v Simmons
What court case banned mandatory life imprisonment without parole for non homicidal crime?
Graham v Florida
What two court cases rules it unconstitutional to sentence juveniles to mandatory life imprisonment without parole for murder?
Miller v Alabama and Jackson v Hobbes
What is a key player in current advocacy for reform that would bring the juvenile justice system back to original principles of rehabilitation?
california justice initiative