#MaleProblems(just list)
competing malesuncooperative females seasonality, synchronyreproductive skew
Male-male competition
-main mechanism of sexual selection gives rise to a variety of secondary sexual characteristics
Various points at which male-male competition occurs
Group membership: esp. one-m groups >> geladas, impala, plains zebras, elephant sealsMate access w/in groups esp. multi-m groups -- chimps, baboons, buffalo dominance hierachires
Reproductive skew in relation to male-male competition
Bc overt competition is risky, we expect to see it most where the stakes are highest (i.e: high reproductive skew)
Sperm competition
Raffle tickets"-competitive adaptations: speed, secretions, proteins, spines
Mate guarding
defense against sperm competitionphysiological: copulatory plugs copulatory ties (the 1 ejaculation, and for the time, no__fox can mate with her)behavioral: consortship— strategic male bonding ex: "go on a date" while receptive pair-bonding— ex: gibbon grooming
Male Choice
-not traditionally considered females are supposed to be the choosy ones! the underlying assumption: males can mate w/ unlimited females, so why be choosy?
Male choice, and male priorities What do males want?
qualities that increase the likelihood of successful reproduction fecundity (body condition, age) [basically that lead to a successful pregnancy] fertility (sexual swellings) high dominance rank good mothering skills?
Infanticide what types of animals
widespread in primates
infanticide why do it?
lactational amenorrhea—this may last long time depends on stimulation of mammary glandslong periods of infant dependence
infanticide: adaptive strategy or aberrant behavior?
if adaptive... should occur following changes in male dominance or residence males shouldn't kill their own offspring males should only kill it when it will make females become receptive sooner mal should mate w/ female whose infant he killed