Every ____ days an ovum is released from ovary and remains viable for approximately _____hours. Released into the vaginal canal, sperm remain viable for up to ____ days. 300 million sperm cells in his seminal fluid swim for a _____hour journey into the fallopian tubes hoping to unite with the ovum. Conception occurs in the fallopian tube, where sperm and ovum unite to form a zygote.
28; 24; 6; 6
Who determines the sex of the child
the father
Identical twins versus Fraternal twins
Monozygotic (1/250 v. dizygotic (1/125)
Germinal Period
first two weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining. Rapid cell differentiation occurs.
embryonic period
Occurs from the second to the eighth week after conception.
Fetal Period
2 months after conception to birth.Lasts seven months Growth and development is more fine tuned to make sure everything is working efficiently
First trimester/Conception
4 weeksBeginning to develop the entire nervous system heart and lungs. Amniotic sac envelops the zygote/Blastocyst
Trimester to 8 weeks
EmbryoArms and legs moveHeartbeat detectableBrain is forming Face, eyes, ears, mouth and tooth buds are forming
trimester to 12 weeks
Fetus Can urinateSex is distinguishableCan smile and frown Fingerprints are presentCan move appendages3 inches long and about an ounce
Second trimester 16 weeks
Strong heartbeatLanugo covers the body Nails are forming Coordinated movement Thin transparent skin6 inches and between 4-7 ounces
Second Trimester 20 weeks
Foot long and about a poundHeart beat is audible through stethoscopeSucks thumb Hiccups Hair is present
Second trimester 24 weeks
Is about 14 inches long 1 1/2 poundsProtective coating (Vernix caseosa)Eyes openWaste matter is collected in bowelHas a strong gripAll sensory organs are functioninngAge of viability
third trimester 28 weeks
16 inches long and is 3 poundsadding fatVery activeBreathing patterns movement are present
Third trimester 32 weeks
16 1/2- 18 inches weighs 4-5 poundsHas periods of sleep and wakefulnessResponds to soundsAssume birth positionIron is stored in liverBones are flexible and soft
Third trimester 36+
Greater than 19 inchesSkin is wrinkledVernix Caeosa is thickLanugo is mostly gonegains immunities from the mother
Amnion
bag containing a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats 24-48 hours are replaced for the baby
umbilibal cord
2 arteries 1 veinconnects the baby to the placenta
Placenta
Permits food and oxygen to reach the zygote and waste products to be carried away.
Brain development
neural tube develops out of the ectoderm and forms at about 18-24 days after conception
Anencephaly
congenital deformity in which some or all of fetal brain is missing
Spina bifida
neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities
Fetal alcohol system
Occurs when mothers drink heavily during the pregnancyFacial deformities, defective limbs, face and heart; retardation
Most dangerous period in prenatal development to consume alcohol
Embryonic period
Fetal programming
Environmental events during pregnancy may alter the expected genetic unfolding of the embryo/fetus
30s-50s in Parents
Increased risk in infertility, miscarriage, and chromosomal defects Risk increases if mother also has serious health difficulty
Pain reducers
Analgesia
Used to induce contractions in the mother during labor
Oxytocic's
Most common form of medication used during deliveries today is....
Epidural block
cesarian section
delivery through an incision in the abdominal and uterine walls.
1st stage of labor
Begins with contractions cause the woman's cervix to stretch and open
2nd stage of labor
Begins with the baby's head starts to move through the cervix
3rd stage of labor
Delivery of baby, placenta, and umbilical cord
What could be at risk for the newborn
Severe perinatal anoxia could result in cerebral palsy
Apgar scale
a standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns. Typically used within the first five minutes
Rates f the Apgar scale
RespirationReflexesHeart rate and pulseSkin color and body extremitiesMuscle Tone
What scores on the Apgar scale are problematic
Scores below four The low score may indicate that the child's survival is in doubt
What is the average size and weight of a newborn
20 inches and 7.5 pounds
What is a low birth weight
less than 5.5 pounds
What is considered to be preterm
Born three weeks or before full term. Earlier that 37 weeks
What can cause preterm
Related to poverty, maternal health status and maternal nutrition
Kangaroo care
Treatment for preterm infants that involves skin-to-skin contact. Stabilizes Breathingheart beat Body tempincrease maturation
What are two physical and psychological adjustments
Involution and baby blues
Involution
process by which the uterus returns to its pre pregnant size
Baby blues
two to three days after birh many women begin to feel depressed anxious and upset
Postpartum depression
Found more with women with depression, a major depressive episode about four weeks after delivery where the mother experiences very strong feelings of sadness and anxiety.
When is a great time to start nursing
first four to six months of life
When can the baby start a drinking whole milk for nutrition
first year
What is healthier for a new born?Whole milk or formula?
Formula...duh
When should a mother not breast feed
HIV positive, active tuberculosis, infectious disease, or if she is taking any drug that is unsafe for the infant.
Theory
An organized set of idea designed to describe and explain and predict development that cannot be proven but are agreed upon.
Scientific method
PurposeResearchHypothesis ExperimentsAnalysisConclusion
Psychoanalytical
Freud
Psychosocial
Erik Erikson
Learning Theory
John Watson, Skinner, Albert Bandura
Cognitive Developmental
Jean Piaget
Contextual theory
Urie Bronfrenbrenner
What are the three operating forces suggested by freud
IDEGOSUPEREGO
Five stages
Oral birth to 1Anal Phallic 3-6Latency Genital 12+
Fixation
result in frustration and indulgence that a child cannot further progress unless needs are met
Trust vs. Mistrust Birth to 1
infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met. Responsive parenting is critical.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt1-3
Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt 3-6
Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities while respecting other
Industry vs. Inferiority 6-12
Children must master important social and academic skills and keep up with their peers: otherwise they will feel inferior.
identity vs. role confusion 12-20
adolescence must establish social and vocational identities or they will remain confused about the roles they should play as adults
Intimacy versus isolation 20-40
Young adults seek to form a shared identity with another person but may fear intimacy and experience loneliness and isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation 40-65
Producing something that will outlive them through parenting or mentoring or they will be self centered
integrity vs despair
Older adults must come to view their lives as meaningful to face death without worries and regrets
Behavoiorism
Conclusions should be based on observable behavior
B.F. Skinner
the mind is a "black box"can;t be seen to no need to look at itBehavior comes as a response to the environment and not thought
Albert Bandura
Bobo doll experimentObservational learning proposed two primary modes of learningModeling and Limitation
Bobo doll significance
Demonstrated that having children view prosocial behavior can reduce displays of aggressive behavior
criticisms of bobo doll experiment
Downplays nature and underestimating an active role in child's own development
Piaget cognitive development theory
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Concrete operation stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Brofenbrenner's ecological theory
microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
What is adaptive behavior
an organism's survival in its natural habitatEvolution gave us biological potentialities but it does not dictate behavior
natural selection
Best species that adapt are the ones that survive
evolutionary psychology
Humans have a powerful and flexible brain that allows us to learn from our experiences and adapt.
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
DNA
A complex molecule that has a double helix shape that contains genetic information.
Genes
Units of hereditary information
Proteins
the building blocks of cells and the regulators that direct the body's processes
How many genomes do humans have?
20500
Zygote
and egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell
How many chromosomes
46 split between each parent(23 pairs)
Mutations!!
Can increase due to environmental hazards; genetic information that get arranged and produces a new phenotype.
Who contributes to more mutations? The mother or the father?
The father is four times more likely to contribute to mutations because of the age of the sperm
epigenetic effects
environmental effects passed from cell to cell or to offspring that affect how a gene is expressed
What are non shared Environmental Factors
different teachersplaying a different sportOverall different personal experiences
What are shared environmental Factors
Being siblings under the same parentBeing on a same sports team
What happens when there are errors in chromosome division meiosis
Depending if there are too many the offspring may have down syndrome or be spontaneously aborted.
polygenic inheritance
Multiple pairs combined to influence traits showing an in between range of these qualities/a complex type of inheritance and much is still unknown...Cancer, intelligence, depression
Sex linked inheritance
Usually x linked they are genes located on sex chromosomes
Single gene pair inheritance
When a dominant gene outshines a recessive gene
Development
The Systematic changes and continuities in the individual that occur between conception and death
life-span approach
emphasizes developmental change throughout adulthood as well as childhood
Who was the father of life span perspective
Paul Balte
What was the difference between the average life span in 1900 versus 2018
47 v 7Difference of about 30 years
Among black, hispanic and white male and females... who lives longer?
Hispanic females
Among black, hispanic and white male and females... who has a shorter life expectancy
Black males
Plasticity
Having the capacity to change from positive and negative experiences
What were Blate's key themes in DEvelopment
Life longMultidimensional Multi directional PlasticityMultidisciplinaryContextual
Culture
the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation
Age Grafe
Socially defined age groups that roles responsibilities and privileges are defined. EX: voting
Age Norms
behavioral expectations by ageHow society tells people to act their age
Social Clock
When in lifespan things should be done but fall behind the regular age norm EX: getting a highschool diploma at 33
Goals of lifespan development
Description Prediction ExplanationOptimization
Age effects
how does some trait or behavior change from time 1 to time 2 as a result of getting older.
Cohort effects
the effects of being born in a particular historical context
Time of measurement effects
the effects of historical events and trends occurring when the data are collected
nature
some aspects of development are inborn or innate others are the product of maturation
Nurture
Change in response to to the environment
Experimental Methods
a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant.`
Correlation methods
the goal is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics
Cross Sectional approach
a research strategy that simultaneously compares individuals of different ages
Cohort
is a group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences
Longitudinal research
A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.
Who oversees that ethical guidelines are being followed
Institutional Review Board