delta
land that forms at the mouth of some rivers by soil that is dropped as the rivers slows and enters the sea
basin irrigation
in Egypt, a system by which water and silt were controoled by embankements and time released to irrigate farmlands
fellaheen
Egyptian peasants
reservoir
a natural or artificial lake used to collect water for human needs
sandstorm
a windstorm that blows hot air, dust, and grit
perennial irrigation
irrigation system that provides necessary water to land throughout the year
bazaar
open-air market, street lined with shops and stalls
capital
wealth in the form of money or property owned or used in business
wadi
usually dry riverbed or gully that temporarily holds water from a sudden downpour
caravan
large group of merchants who join together to travel in safety
medina
old section of a North African city, usually centered around a mosque
souk
market in an Arab community
Tripoli
Capital of Libya
Rabat
Capital of Morocco
Cairo
Capital of Egypt
Tunis
capital of Tunisia
Algiers
capital of Algeria
Ankara
capital of Turkey
Jerusalem
capital of Israel
Sanaa
Capital of Yemen
Doha
capital of Qatar
Baghdad
capital of Iraq
Damascus
capital of Syria
Amman
capital of Jordan
Muscat
capital of Oman
Manama
capital of Bahrain
Nicosia
capital of Cyprus
Beirut
capital of Lebanon
Riyadh
capital of Saudi Arabia
Tehran
capital of Iran
Kuwait
capital of Kuwait
Abu Dhabi
capital of United Arab Emirates
mandate
area governed by a country until ready for independence
Zionist
member of Zionism wanting independent Jewish Country
self-determination
right to determine one's own political future
drip irrigation
system of precise water drips on plants
potash
mineral used in explosivees and fertilizers
fertile crescent
area used for agriculture and first civilization
militia
a civilian army
embargo
restriction on trade with other countries
anarchy
lawlessness
desalination
process of removing salt from seawater
infrastructure
basic support facility of a community or country
falaj system
system of underground and surface canals
secular
worldy, not relating to religion
shah
former leader of Iran
ayatollah
religious leader of Shiite muslims
desertification
the transformation of arable land into desert land
genocide
the systematic killing of a people
nationalism
one country's pride
autonomy
freedom
yurt
a builidng made out of a woodwork and covered
chernozem
rich topsoil found in the Russian steppes
fundamentalism
idea based on an interpretations of a sacred text
Baku
capital of Azerbaijan
Yerevan
capital of Armenia
Tbilisi
capital of Georgia
Astana
capital of Kazakhstan
Tashkent
capital of Uzbekistan
Ashgabat
capital of Turkmenistan
Bishkek
capital of Kyrgyzstan
Dushanbe
capital of Tajikisostan
soviet
in the former Soviet Union, any one of various governing councils
czar
an emporer of Russia
a rich topsoil found in the Russian steppes and other mid-latitude grasslands
abdicate
to surrender one's office, throne, or authority
taiga
thinly scattered, coniferous forests found in Europe and Asia
ruble
the currency of Russia
steppe
a temperate grassland found in Europe and Asia
tundra
a region where temperatres are always cool or cold and only specialized plants can grow
permafrost
a layer of soil just below the earth's surface that stays permanently frozen
perestroika
in the former Soviet Union, a policy of economic restructuring
black market
the systm of selling goods and services outside of official channels
command economy
an economic system that is controlled by a single central government
glasnost
a policy of openness introduced in the Soviet Union in the late 1980s
FALSE
Russia's major means of transportation is the rivers. True/ False
Thinly scattered, coniferous forests found in Europe and Asia is known as a steppe. True/False
TRUE
The severity of Russia's cold winters helped defeat invaders from Germany and France. True/False
Located in the remote western portion of Russia is Siberia. True/False
The Trans-Alaskan ailroad was completed in 1904 and runs 5,700 miles. True/False
a largely treeless zone dominated by very small plant and animlas that have adapted to the polar conditions of this region is known as the taiga. True/False
south of the forests are broad open stretches that the Russians called the steppes. True/False
land west of the Yenisey river is higher plateaus that provide slightly varied terrain True/False
a layer of soil just below the earth's surface that stays frozen is permafrost True/False
Soviet stems from the former Soviet Union, which was any of the various governing councils. True/False
Gorbachev
soviet leader who began radical reforms such as glasnost
Chechnya
Intense fighting took place where after Russia refused to recognize this republic's declaration of independence in 1991?
Inflation, Privatization, Health Problems
3 problems Russia faced during the transition form a command economy to a market economy
Peter the Great
expanded control to the Pacific Ocean, established the capital of St. Petersburg
Karl Marx
who based the ideas of communism, started communism where there was no freedom and everything was decided such as what to produced and how much, infuenced Stalin to lead communism
bringing of freedom and change to the people in Russia, first step to reform for Russians, brought in by Gorbachev
environmental improvement is a low priority to Russians
they don't have experience or money, they have other things to take care of
Russian Revolution
1917 event that put an end to rule by czars and established a Communist government
permafrost affect on construction in Siberia
buildings must be built on posts or pilings so the the permafrost will not melt
B. Severe water and air pollution
Which of the following problems exists in Azerbaijan?A. shortage of petroleum and other natural resourcesB. severe water and air pollutionC. a shortage of wool as a result of diseased sheepD. contamination of alnd from a nuclear power accident
A. Ocean Beaches
The terrain of Central Asia is characterized by all of the following exceptA. ocean beachesB. desertsC. glaciersD. grasslands
C. They are all former republics of the Soviet Union
All of the countries in Central Asia and the Caucasus region share which of the following characteristics?A. they have closer cultural ties to Europe than to the rest of AsiaB. they all have vast petroleum reservesC. they are all former republics of the Soviet UnionD. they all contain desert areas
C. Desertification
which of the following environmental problems is more likely to be found in Central Asia than in the Caucasus nations?A. air pollutionB. water pollutionC. desertificationD. soil contamination
B. Azerbaijan
which nation's major source of wealth is oil?A. GeorgiaB. AzerbaijanC. ArmeniaD. Uzbekistan
Turkmenistan
Which country is the Kara Kum located in?
Uzbekistan
Which country is the Kyzyl Kum located in?
Nagorno Karabakh
disputed area, power struggle between Armenia and Azerbaijan, Azeris were given the pwer of the area and it has always been a struggle of who gets the power
Products of east and west Georgia are different
West Georgia- heavy rainfall allows for peaches, wine, grapes, citrus fruits,East Georgia- lesser amount of rainfall allows for grains and vegetables
2 sources of conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia
religion- Armenians are Christian, Azeris are IslamicPower struggle/debate over disputed land of Nagorno Karabakh
3 negatives of water being diverted from the Aral Sea
1. Muynak would lose its livelihood, identity, no longer a fishing town2. the sea would lose 2/3 of its volume3. the sea became saltier and dried salt would blow making crops dry
2 positives and 2 negatives that industrialization had on the Central Asia region
Positives: more employment, growth of citiesNegatives: loss of culture, pollution
Bitter relationship between Armenia and Turkey
World War I- Turkey tried to deport the whole population of Armenia, commited genocide, killed 1/3 of population of Armenia,
Meaning of first part of Central Asian countries names
represents the main group of people who live there, does not restrict the people and their are other people living in the countries
5 influences steming from the Soviet era
1. cotton production in central countries2. pollution3. desertification4. not allowed to freely practice Islam5. industrialization, city growth, employment
in the 1800s and 1900s, Egyptian nationists fought European countries for control of the Sinai Peninsula. True/False
Libya's foreign policies were controversial because Libya made an alliance with the Soviet Union and supported terrorism. True/ False
General Muammar Qaddafi led a military coup that overthrew the pro-Western King and abolished the monarchy of Egypt. True/False
camels were brought t the regions by the Zionist and were called "ships of the desert because of their value to the merchants and to trade. True/False
D. to negotiate peace with Israel
Which of the following was not a goal of Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt?A. to end Western domination of EgyptB. to modernize the countryC. to make Egypt a major influence in world politicsD. to negotiate peace with Israel
D. to meet the demands of a rapidly growing population
Why does Egypt import more than half of its food supply?A. to encourage coton production on arable landB. to ecourage rural Egyptians to give up their traditional ways of lifeC. to promote industrializationD. to meet the demands of a rapidly growing population
C. have more oil reserves
In contrast to Tunisia and Morocco, Libya and AlgeriaA. are predominantly Christian countriesB. have more arable landC. have more oil reservesD. have closer ties to Western powers
B. are more likely to maintain traditional ways
In contrast to people who live in the coastal areas of Libya and the Maghreb nations, people who live int eh interior regions A. are less likely to be MuslimB. are more likely to maintain traditional waysC. are more likely to emigrate in search of economic oppurtunitiesD. are discriminated against by their government
C. when an extremist Islamic party nearly won an election, the army took over the government
Which of the following is an accurate statement about the government of Algeria?A. it made a gradual transition from colonial rule to independenceB. it has had a democratic form of government in place since independenceC. when an extremist Islamic party nearly won an election the army took over the governmentD. real power is held by Libya's ruler, Muammar Qaddafi
A. along the Nile river and in the Nile Delta
Where do the vast majority of Egypt's people live?A. along the Nile river and in the Nile DeltaB. along the Mediterranean CoastC. along the Red Sea and Lake NasserD. in the Sinai Peninsula
A. the establishment of the state of Israel
After World War II Egypt and the Arab Middle East were united in their oppositon of A. the establishment of the state of IsraelB. the builiding of the Aswan DamC. trade between countries in the middle east and europeD. protection of the suez canal
b. severe drought has made it an economic necessity
why have many Tuareg given up their traditional lifestyle in recent years?A. they have been forcibly relocated by the governmentB. severe drought has made it an economic necessityC. rising expectations have resulted in a gernerational splitD. industrial development of land in the region has interfered with traditional trade routes
C. Muammar Qaddafi
which leader introduced equal distribution of wealt to their country?A. Anwar SadatB. Gamal NasserC. Muammar QaddafiD. Darren Dreyer
A. few skilled workers and lack of capital
what two factors limit the growth of industry in Egypt?A. few skilled workers and a lack of capitalB. lack of foregin aid and support from other Arab nationsC. dependence on a single export and limited oil reservesD. limited access to trade routeds and lack of raw materials
A. exporting mainly cotton to exporting mainly oil and petroleum products
in recent years, Egypt's economy has changed fromA. exporting mainly cotton to exporting mainly oil and petroleum productsB. exporting raw materials to exporting manufactured goodsC. a subsistence economy to a modern industrial-based economyD. relying heavily on aid from Western and other Arab nations to becoming a self-sustaining economy