World War I
a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918
Treaty of Versailles
the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
Great Depression
the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s
Fascism
a political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism)
Hitler
German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)
Axis Powers
Germany, Italy, Japan
Holocaust
the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler
Japanese territorial expansion in 1930s
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Atlantic Charter
1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war
Four Freedoms
1941-Freedom of Speech, Religion, Want, from Fear; used by FDR to justify a loan for Britain, if the loan was made, the protection of these freedoms would be ensured
United Nations
an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security
Cold War
Between US and USSR from 1945-1990. A political and economic stuggle between nations.
Modern World
the circumstances and ideas of the present age
Contemporary Era
Recent History, effects have been overcome
Atomic Bombs
explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions. Used in 1945.
Welfare state
a government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.
Crimes Against Humanity
a category of activities, made illegal in 1945, condemning states that abuse human rights
Decolonization
the action of changing from colonial to independent status
Decolonization of India
1947
Marshall Plan
a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security
Peoples Republic of China
a socialist republic ruled by the Communist Party of China under a single-party system
Ho Chi Minh
Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)
War in Vietnam
1945-1975. The US became involved in the war in an effort to stop the spread of communism to southeast asia.
National self-determination
The freedom of the people of a given territory to determine their own political status
Capitalism
an economic system based on private ownership of capital
Communism
a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership
Democracy
a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
Authoritarianism
a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Apartheid
1948 - 1994 in South Africa a racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites
Nationalism
love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it
Xenophobia
dislike and/or fear of that which is unknown or different from oneself.
Globality
a hypothetical condition in which the process of globalization is complete
Globalization
economies, societies, and cultures growth to a global scale
Bretton Woods System
The international monetary system developed after the Second World War it helped stabilize foreign exchange rates
World Bank
a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments
International Monetary Fund
a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies
World Trade Organization
an international organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade
Neo-liberalism
A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.
Neo-conservatism
An ideological term characterizing parties or politicians who not only advocate an end to government expansion, but also believe in reducing its role via downsizing, privatization, and deregulation
Transnational corporations
Business corporations located in two or more countries.
Southeast Asia Crisis
Southeast Asian financial markets crashed
First World
US and allies during cold war, contrast to soviets
Second World
the communist and state-planned countries of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China (Cold War)
Third World
underdeveloped and developing countries of Asia and Africa and Latin America collectively
Structural Adjustment Programs
Economic policies made by the IMF that encourage international trade.
United States Agency for International Aid
the United States federal government organization responsible for most non-military foreign aid
Particularist protectionism
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Universalist protectionism
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NGO's
private, voluntary organizations whose members are individuals or associations that come together for a common purpose (Red Cross, Green Peace, Amnesty)
Fair Trade
1992- an organized social movement and market-based approach that aims to help producers in developing countries and promote sustainability.
Millennium Development Goals
eight international development goals that 192 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015.
United Nations Declaration of Human Rights
the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are entitled. It consists of 30 articles which have been elaborated in subsequent international treaties, regional human rights instruments, national constitutions and laws.
Fundamentalism
a belief in a strict adherence to a set of basic principles (often religious in nature), sometimes as a reaction to perceived doctrinal compromises with modern social and political life
Terrorism
the calculated use of violence (or threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals
De-industrialization
when companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor
Outsourcing
The relocation of production once done in the United States to foreign countries.
Sustainable growth
Economic growth and development that meets present needs without harming the needs of future generations.