demography
scientific study of population characteristics
east asia, south asia, southeast asia, and europe
the four population concentrations/clusters
east asia
1/5 of world, includes japan, korea, taiwan
south asia
1/5 of world, moslty rural populations
europe
1/4 of world, mostly live in cities
europe
dont produce enough food- must import (mostly from US)
SE asia
cluster where its mostly islands like Java, Borneo, Sumatra
ecumene
portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement
dry lands, wet lands, cold lands, high lands
the four places/regions where humans dont live
population density/arithmetic density
total # of people divided by total land area
physiological density
# of people supported by a unit of arable land
much of country's land mass is unsuitable for agriculture
what happens if physiological density is much larger than arithmetic?
agricultural density
ratio of the # of farmers to the amount of arable land
efficient agricultural system
what happens if there is high physiological density and low agricultural density?
1.2%
what is the NIR for the world?
2/3's
how much of world pop. growth is in Asia?
2.7
what is the Total Fertility Rate for the World?
stage one
demographic stage where there are hunter gatherers, no population growth b/c the CBR and CDR are both high
industrial revolution
reason for most countries to move to stage 2 in dem. transition
stage two
demographic stage where world population grows faster than ever, CDR plummets but CBR remains high
social reasons, medical revolution
reason for MDCS to move to stage 3, reason for LDCs to move to stage 3
stage three
moderate growth, CBR drops sharply and CDR slowly declines
stage four
stage with low growth, CBR declines to be equal with CDR, NIR approaches zero population growth
2.1
what total fertility rate can produce ZPG?
% of population in each age group, distribution of males and females
how does the demographic transition affect the population pyramid structure?
pyramid-like, rectangular
what does a stage 2 pop. pyramid look like and what about a stage 4 pop. pyramid?
1) 0-14, 2)15-64, 3) 65-older
how is the population divided in the population pyramid?
dependency ratio
# of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the # of people in their productive years
sex ratios
number of males per 100 females
population growing geometrically, food supply only arithmetically
what was malthus' concept towards population and food supply growth?
1-most population growth is in poor countries where they already dont have enough food, and 2) world population growth is outstripping other resources besides food
what do Neo-Malthusians believe? (two characteristics that make Malthus' theory scarier)
economic development, distribution of contraceptives
what are 2 reasons for declining birth rate and the decrease in NIR?
epidemiological transition
distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
stage one
stage in the Epi. transition called the stage of pestilence and famine (Plague)
stage two
stage in the Epi. transition called the stage of receding pandemics, the working poor lived in overcrowded slums
stage three
stage in Epi. transition called the stage of degenerative and human-created diseases
stage four
stage in Epi. transition called the stage of delayed degenerative diseases (medical advances allow ppl to live longer w/ diseases)
stage five
the possible stage in Epi. transition where infectious and parasitic diseases reemerge
net migration
difference between the # of immigrants and the # of emigrants
net-in migration
if # of immigrants if higher than emigrants -- net migration is positive
net-out migration
if # of emigrants is higher than immigrants, net migration is negative
why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and the characteristics of migrants
3 laws of migration
economic, cultural, environmental
3 push-pull factors of migration
economic
most common reason for migrating
refugees
ppl who have been forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of prosecution due to race, religion, etc
Sudanese (civil war) , Colombians (drug lords and guerillas)
2 largest groups of internal refugees
intervening obstacles (traveling through inhospitable environments)
environmental of cultural factor that hinders migration
most migrants move a short distance and remain in the same country, if its long-distance they move to major economic centers
what did ravenstein say about the distance of migration?
interregional migration, intraregional migration
2 types of internal migration
interregional migration
movement from one region of a country to another
intraregional migration
movement within in region
voluntary migration, forced migration
2 types of international migration
Zelinsky's Migration Transition
shows change in migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth