Cardiotonics
_____ slow the condutcion velocity through the atrioventricular node in the heart.
slowed
When a cardiotonic is taken with food, absorption of the drug is ________.
Amiodarone
______, when administered along with a cardiotonic, increases the plasma digoxin levels leading to toxicity.
daily
The nurse weighs pateints taking cardiotonics ____ or as ordered.
epinephrine
If severe bradycardia occurs due to digoxin toxicity, ____ can be given.
therapeutic
There is a narrow margin of safety between the full ____ effects and the toxic effects of cardiotonic drugs.
ejection
In left ventricular dysfunction, there is decreased cardiac output and decreased ____ fraction.
Inamrinone, milrinone
____ and _____ are nonglycosides with positive inotropic action and are used in the short-term management of heart failure.
atrial
Digoxin is used in ____ tachycardia.
remodeling
Neurohormonal activity causes ____ of the heart muscle cells.
Flecainide
_____ depresses myocardial excitability or the ability of the myocardium to respond to an electrical stimulus.
prolongation
The general action of class III antiarrhythmic drugs is _____ of the depolarization phase.
Verapamil
____ (Calan), a class IV antiarrhythmic drug, is also classified as a calcium channel blocker.
Fluid retention
____ _____ is one of the adverse reactions to antiarrhythmic drugs.
antiarrhythmic
All ____ drugs may cause new arrhythmias or worsen existing arrhythmias.
cardiac
The goal of antiarrhythmic drug therapy is to restore normal ____ function and to prevent life-threatening arrhythmias.
Class 1
_____ antiarrhythmic drugs contain the largest number of drugs of the four classifications.
Cinchonism
_____ is the term used to describe quinidine toxicity.
amiodarone
The antiarrhythmic drug _____ is a pregnancy class D drug.
proarrhythmic
It is often difficult to distinguish ____ effects from the patient's pre-existing arrhythmia.
beta-adrenergic, alpha-adrenergic
Peripheral vasodilators act by blocking the ____ nerves and stimulting the ________ nerves.
vascular endothelium
Abnormalities of the _____ ______ may cause vasoconstriction, inflammation, and thrombolytic activity.
peripheral pulses
Prior to administering peripheral vasodilators, the nurse should asses the ____ _____ of the affected limb for amplitude and strength.
Amlodipine, nifedipine
____ and ____ are nitrates used in treating peripheral vascular diseases.
calcium
Peripheral edema, arrhythmia, bradycardia and hypotension are the cardiovascular adverse effects of____ channel blockers.
nitrate
Amyl ____ is contraindicated in pregnancy.
angiotensin
Cilostazol is a ___ II inhibitor used to treat intermittent claudication.
systolic
When administering antianginal drugs, the health care provider should be notified if the ___ blood pressure falls below 90 mmHg.
bradycardia
Hypotension and paradoxical ____ may develop as adverse effects occurring with the use of calcium channel blockers.
buccal
Nitrats can be administered through the _____ route, wherein the tablet is placed between the cheek and the gums
walls, arteries
Blood pressure is the force of the blood against the ____ of the ____.
hypertensive emergency
A _____ ______ is a case of extremely high blood pressure in which the blood pressure must be lowered immediately to prevent damage to the target organs.
Hawthorn
_____ is one of the most common natural agents used to treat various cardiovascular problems such as hypertension, angine, arrhythmias and heart failure.
120, 80
A systolic pressure of less than ___ mmHg and a diastolic pressure of less than ____ mmHg are considered normal.
increased
The hypotensive effects of most antihypertensive drugs are _______ when administered with diuretics and other antihypertensives.
Prehypertension
_____ is defined as a systolic pressure between 120 and 139 or a diastolic pressure between 80 and 89.
secondary
When a direct cause of the hypertension can be identified, the condition is described as _____ hypertension
Aldosterone
____ promotes the retention of sodium and water, which may contribute to a rise in blood pressure.
Orthostatic
______ hypotension occurs when the individual has a significant drop in blood pressure (usually 10 mmHg systolic or more) when assuming an upright position.
hypertensive
Nitroprusside and diazoxide are drugs used to treat patients with a ____ emergency.
Niacin
___ is used as adjunctive therapy for lowering very high serum triglyceride levels in patients who are at risk for pancreatitis.
Fibric acid
____ _____ derivatives are contraindicated in patients with complete biliary obstruction.
clofibrate
_____ stimulates the liver to increase breakdown of very low-density lipoprotiens.
bile acid sequestrants
The ____ _____ _____ are used to treat individuals with very high serum triglyceride levels.
Headache
____ is a central nervouse system reaction associated witht he use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
cholesterol
Low-density lipoprotiens transport ___ to the peripheral cells.
Bile
___ emulsifies fat and lipids as these products pass through the intestine.
triglycerides
Cholesterol and the _____ are two lipids present in the blood.
rhabdolomyolisis
Interaction of fibric acid derivatives with HMG-CoA increases the risk of ________.
Atherosclerosis
____ is a disorder in which lipid deposits accumulate on the lining of the blood vessels.
bleeding
The principal adverse reaction associated with anticoagulants is ____.
thrombolytic
When a ____ is administered with medications that prevent blood clots, such as aspirin, dipyridamole, or an anticoagulant, the patient is at an increased risk for bleeding.
stabilize
In patients receiving warfarin, a diet high in vitamin K may _____ the PT/INR and increase the risk of clot formation.
Heparin
_____ can be given by intermittent IV administration, continuous IV infusion, and the subcut route.
Arterial thrombosis
_____ _____ occurs because of atherosclerosis or arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation.
thrombus
Anticoagulants are used to prevent the formation and extension of a _____.
fibrolytic
Another term used to describe the thrombolytic drugs is ____.
Heparin
_____ is an enzyme that breaks down the fibrin of a blood clot.
embolus
When a thrombus detaches itself from the wall of the vessel and is carried along through the bloodstream, it becomes a ____.
Thrombosis
_____ is the collection of blood in the tissue.
Epoetin alfa
____ ____ is a drug that stimulates erythropoiesis.
Folic acid
_____ _____ is used in treating megablastic anemia.
levodopa
Iron preparations, when administered with _____, results in decreased effect of Parkinson's medication.
ESA
____ is a glycoprotien used to stimulate and regulate the production of erythrocytes.
iron
When _____ is administered via the IM route, a brownish discoloration of the skin occurs.
Schilling
Vitamin B12 is used to perfom the ______ test, which is used to diagnose pernicious anemia
Iron deficiency
____ ____ anemia is characterized by an amount of iron in the body that is inadequate to produce hemoglobin.
epinephrine
_____ is kept on standby in the event of severe anaphylactic shock.
renal failure
Chronic ___ _____ reduces the kidneys' ability to produce erythropoietin.
hemoglobin
Iron preparations act by elevating the serum iron concentration, which replenishes _____ and depleted iron stores.