Three stages of FETAL development
1 OVUM 2 EMBRYO 3 FETUS
OVUM Stage
0-2 weeks after gestation...Fertilized egg(Zygote) implants into uterine wall
EMBRYO Stage
2-8 weeks after gestation..Tissue layers begin to form.
FETUS Stage
8-40 weeks after gestation..Interanl Development begins and tissue function becomes more specialized.
Five stages of FETAL LUNG development
1 Embryonal 2 Pseudoglandular 3 Canalicular 4 Saccular
5 Alveolar
EMBRYONAL STAGE
Days 26-52 Lungs begin to emerge from pharynx as a "BUD" Trachea and 2 broncial buds forming the mainstem bronchi branching to segmental and subsegmental bronchi. Tracheosophageal septum form, Smooth muscle, veins and arteries develop AW epithelim begins
PSEUDOGLANDULAR STAGE
Days 52-week 16.Lung resembles a gland, hence the name. .Conducting AW continue to develop, repeated subdivisions and branching thats sets pattern for the adult lungs.(only size will increase), Terminal bronchioles form, Respiratory portion of the AW is l
Cilia, goblet &submucosal glands, cartilage and lymphaticus all begin to appear in this stage
PSEUDOGLANDULAR STAGE
what is established at the end of thePseudoglandular stage?
AW, arteries and veins mathing the adult pattern.
Canalicular Stage
Week 17-26...Development of vascular bed(capillaries) form around the alveoli for LIMITED gas exchange by week 22.,Type I(alveolar structural cells), Type II cells can be identified..Fetus can survive week 22-24, as lungs are beginning to be capable of ga
Saccular Stage
Week 26-36...terminal bronchioles widen to form smooth walled cylindrical structures(saccules) , Subdivide via secondary crests and form alveoli..second type of surfactant (Phosphocholine) is produced.
Alveoli form as early as 32 weeks, increasing gas exc
Alveolar Stage
week 36-term Continuation of saccular stage
At birth, 20-150 million alveoli(50 average)
15-20% of adult alveoli present at birth
3-4mSquared of gas exchanging surface area at birth
Adult Lung
300 million alveoli,
70-80 msquared surface area..
most lung growth occurs in first 1.5 years of life...
alveoli continue to develop up to age 8.
Factors affecting prenatal lung growth...
Maternal starvation..Fetal hyoxia..High FiO2 causing BPF and hyaline membrane disease..Maternal Smoking..Diaphragmatic hernia, Diminished Respirations
Oligohydroamnious
reduced amniotic fluid, causing lung compression and lung hypoplasia
Tracheoesohageal fistula
an abnormal opening between the trachea and esophagus, this can occur during the embryonal stage caused by teratogens ( drugs, infections or chemicals.)
pulmonary hypoplasia
underdevelopment of the lung, again caused by teratogens.
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
failure of the diaphragm to completely from, allowing abdominal organs to enter the pleural cavity and compress the lungs, resulting in severe underdevelopment or hypoplasia of the lung.
Acinus
functional respiratory (gas exchanging) unit of lung, all alveoli are contained in the acinus.
Terminal bronchioles
part of the conducting airway, does not exchange gas....
respiratory bronchioles
continuation from each terminal bronchioles,. This marks the start of the gas exchange, because alveoli first appear in the respiratory bronchioles
Type I cells
important in the development of alveolar capillary membrane
Type II cells
involved with surfactant production
Type III cells
Microphage...WBC's clean the lung...
Leprechaunism
Abnormal lung development caused by abnormal carbohydrate metabolism
Down Syndrome
Fetal lung growth is normal, but Postnatal lung growth is abnormal, larger and fewer alveoli.
Fetal Lung Liquid
Essential for normal lung development...high in chloride and low in bicarb.
Fetal Lungs=secretory organs, produce 250-300 ml/day
80ml constantly fill the lungs, 15ml/hr move oud of the lung
Fluid produced during canalicular period
Removal of liquid essent
Role of surfactant
Decrease alveoli surface tension, increasing compliance
Synthetic Surfactant
Exosurf
Animal Derived Surfactant
Curosurf, Infasurf, Survanta
DPPC
Dipalmitoyl Phosphatidyl Choline...Natural Surfactant, chemical compound, we all have.
Conditions that delay surfactant production
Acidosis, Hypoxia, Shock, Over/underinflation, mech. ventilation, Pulmonary edema, Hypercapnia
Conditions that accelerate fetal surfactatn production
Heroin addiction, premature rupture of membranes, placenta insufficiency, Maternal hypertension,
Diminished respirations
has a severe effect on lung growth, due to lack of stretch to lung.