abnormal new growth or formation of tissue
neoplasm
what is the purpose of a neoplasm
no useful purpose
this is why it may harm the host organism
2 types of neoplasms
1. benign
2. malignant
Benign is usually ______ and doesn't _______ other tissues.
benign=harmless; spread/invade
Malignant is a ________.
harmful INVASIVE TUMOR
*capable of spreading/invading other tissues far from the site of origin
study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and health problems in specific populations
epidemiology
What is epidemiology characterized by
age
gender
home location
lifestyle choices
culture
# of deaths that occur in a population at risk in a specific period
mortality
ex: 27% of caucasian women >50yrs w/ a dx f breast cancer will die
# of new cases occurring in a given population at risk during a specific time
incidence rate
ex: testicular cancer occurs between 20-30yrs, then the chances significantly decrease
no evidence of disease present and person has same life expectancy as a person w/out cancer
cured
5 year survival marker; decreased probability that condition will recur or spread
relative survival rate
5 characteristics to describe normal cells
1. cell cycle
2. differentiation
3. contact inhibition
4. tight adherence
5. apoptosis
The cell cycle of normal cells is very ______. When one cell dies, another one is ______. "good mannered cells
controlled
born
genetically identical cells assume the same function after cell division
differentiation
-normal cells contribute to hosts well being
contact with another cell allows growth in a single layer until edge is reached (this prevents a big bump from occurring from overgrowth)
contact inhibition
the cells will stick together
tight adherence
cell will die when its function diminishes
apoptosis
Mitosis of
1. normal cell
2. malignant cell
1. 2 daughter cells
2. multiple daughter cells
Appearance of
1. normal cell
2. malignant cell
1. identical to parent
2. anaplastic (different from parent)
Function of
1. normal cell
2. malignant cell
1. contribute to host well being
2. No purpose; just to keep itself alive by growing and growing- HARMFUL!
Growth & invasion of
1. normal cell
2. malignant cell
1. birth rate=death rate; no invasion of other tissues
2. birth rate>death rate; will invade other tissues
Malignant cells have their own _______, which means they will never die.
blood supply
*at 1cm large, it will steal the blood supply from other organs to thrive
sarcoma affects
connective tissues (bone, muscle, tendon, ligaments, nerve, fat)
leukemia affects
blood cells
lymphoma affects
lymph system
cancinoma is the MOST COMMON by 80% and affects
organs and skin
5 stages of carcinogens
1. initiation
2. latency
3. promotion
4. progression
5. metastasis
DNA is damages by chemical, physical, or biologic agents
initiation
abnormal cell is NOT growing
latency period
substances (hormones, insulin) enhance growth of the abnormal cell
promotion
@ 1cm large
morphologic and phenotypic changes occur
cell produces growth factor that steals blood supply
progression
cells break away from original group and travel throughout the body
metastasis
prostate cancer travels to the
spine
lung cancer travels to the
brain
testicular cancer travels to the
hip
-oma
tumor
*does not indicate benign or malignant
1. sarc-
2. hemangio-
3. lymph-
4. neur-
5. aden-
1. muscle or fat
2. blood vessels
3. lymph vessels
4. nerves
5. glands
terms with carcino- and sarco- indicate malignancy (adenocarcinoma, neurosarcoma)
what term classifies microscopic cell appearance
grading
G1 is well _______; minimal deviation from normal cells
defined
G2= some _____ characteristics
normal
G3- enough normal characteristics to _______
ID origin
G4- _____________; most undefined/deviated when compared to normal cells
poorly defined
Ploidy refers to _________ changes.
chromosomal
*certain cancers have specify changing patterns such as breast cancer- 95% of breast cancer will have a "philly" chromosome identified
what classifies the clinical aspect
staging
3 parts to staging
Tumor (To-T4)
Nodes (No-N3)
Metastasis (Mo-M1)
T o
T is
T 1
T 2
T 3
T 4
o= normal cell
is= insitu (<1cm large)
1= 1cm
2= >1cm and still i primary organ
3= moves beyond organ margin but still connected
4= spreading to other tissues/organs
**crossing the diaphragm line is a good indicator of stage 4 cancer
M o
M 1
o= no metastasis
1= metastasis
N o
N 1
N 2
N 3
0= no lymph invasion
1= 1 lymph node involved
2= 1+ close by nodes involved
3= 1+ nodes involved that are far from point of origin
term for how how quick it takes for a cell to grow/double in size
doubling time
typically 30x is = 1cm
percent of actively dividing cells
mitotic index
10%- slow
90%- rapidly growing
3 influencing factors of cancer
1. carcinogen exposure (tobacco, alcohol, radiation, diet, virusus (hpv, hep-b, hep-c)
2. genetics- gene presence increases risk
3. immune function- ppl on immunosuppressant drugs for transplants, aids will increase risk
primary prevention means
measures taken to prevent the cancer from ever developing
list some primary prevention interventions
1. avoid carcinogens with PPE
2. limit smoking, sex partners, smoking, alcohol
3. increase grains, fibers, fruit, veggies
4. remove at risk tissues such as polyps or moles
5. chemoprevention- low dose aspirin will decrease colon cancer and increased Vit D
secondary prevention means
to identify cancer EARLY through screening
1. mammograms need to happen every ____ years
2. if family history, then do it ______ year
q3yrs
q1yr
1. when do you begin clinical breast exams
2. and when do they become annual
1. 20-40years old
2. at 40yrs old
Frequency of fecal OB test
yearly at physical
frequency of colonoscopy
q 10 years @ 50yrs old
digital rectal exam for MEN happens at
50yrs old for prostate cancer
if you have a strong family history, then you should do a
genetic screening
7 warning signs of cancer
CAUTION
Change in bowel/bladder habbits
A sore that won't heal
Unusual discharge/bleeding
Thickening of lump
Indigestion/swallowing issues
Obvious change in wart/mole
Nagging cough/hoarsness
a nurse is explaining to a patient with breast cancer how malignant cells differ from normal cells. What statement indicates that the patient understands the characteristics of malignant cells?
they have developed abnormal chromosomes
a patient with prostate cancer tells you that he is now having a lot of pain in his lower back and legs. What problem do you suspect relates to his symptoms?
metastasis to the bone
which characteristic of a tumor indicates to yo that it is benign rather than malignant?
it is surrounded by a capsule