Genetic code:
rules by which the base sequence of a DNA gene is translated into protein structures
Genome:
One haploid set of chromosomes with the genes they contain
Golgi apparatus:
Membranous system close to the cell nucleus that packages protein secretions for export
Golgi apparatus:
Packages enzymes into lysosomes for cellular use
Golgi apparatus:
Modifies proteins destined to become part of cellular membranes
Gray matter:
neural tissue of the brain and spinal cord that contains nerve-cell bodies as well as nerve fibers
Hemoglobin:
Oxygen-transporting component of erythrocytes
Hepatic System:
circulation in which the hepatic portal vein carries dissolved nutirents to the liver tissues for processing
Hormones:
steroidal or amino acid-based molecules released into the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions
Hypertonic solution:
Solution having a lower water concentration than a solution to which it is compared
Immune system:
System whose components attack foreign substances or prevent their entry into the body
In vitro:
In a test tube, glass, or artificial environment
Inflammation:
Nonspecific defensive response of the body to tissue injury, including dilation of blood vessels
Inoculation:
Placement of bacteria onto a culture medium
Inspiration:
Process of breathing in
Ionization:
Adding or subtracting electrons from an atom
Isomers:
Several molecules with same composition but different structures
Joule:
Unit of energy equal to 0.239 calorie
Krebs cycle:
Aerobic metabolic pathway occurring within mitochondria, in which food metabolites are oxidized and CO2 is liberated, and coenzymes are reduced
Lipid:
Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Lymphatic System:
System of thin-walled vessels similar to the blood capillaries, which serve to collect lymph fluid from tissues and organs and to transport the fluid to the venous circulation
Eukaryotes:
Cells with a membrane around the nucleus
Prokaryotes:
Unicellular organisms w/out a membrane around the nucleus
Passive transport:
Cell expendes NO energy for movement of substances
Active transport:
Cell expends energy in movement of substances
Passive transport:
Diffusion-transfer of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
Kinetic energy:
Energy of motion
Osmosis:
Water molecules moving down the concentration gradient
Hypotonic:
Concentration outside the cell is lower than inside cell (water moves out of cell to establish equilibrium)
Hypertonic:
concentration outside is higher that inside (water move out of cell to establish equilibrium)
Isotonic solution:
Water moves in and out of cell because equilibrium has already been established
Facilitated diffusion:
Molecules are diffused across a cell membrane by special proteins called carrier proteins
Genetics:
The study of how traits are transported from parent ot offspring; aka-heredity
Gene:
A section of DNA that controls a particular genetic trait on a chromosome
Alleles:
Alternative form of genes
Genotype:
Genetic makeup
Homozygous:
An offspring whose has been given the same allele by both parents
Heterozygous:
An offspring who has NOT been given the same allele by both parents.
Four types of human tissue:
Epithelial, connective, nervous and muscular tissue
Connective tissue:
Normally has its own blood supply
The three types of Muscle tissue:
Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
Smooth muscle:
is under involuntary control
Structures of the Nervous System:
Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors
Integumentary system:
The skin-Protects & waterproofs body; helps regulate body temperature
Skeletal System:
Provides support & protection; supplies the framework for muscle tissue and stores minerals
Structures of the Skeletal System:
bones, cartilage, ligaments and joints
Muscular system:
Consists of only skeletal muscles to produce movement
Nervous System:
Bodys control system; detects internal and external stimuli and activates appropriate response
Endocrine System:
Controls some bodily functions (much slower that NS)
Structures of the Endocrine System:
Pineal, Pituitary, thyroid, thymus and adrenal glands, pancreas, testes and ovaries
Cardiovascular System:
Travel system for many substances necessary for the body
Structures of the Cardiovascular System:
Heart, blood vessels and blood
Lymphatic System:
Purpose is to return fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system to the blood vessels
Structures of the Lymphatic System:
Lymp nodes and vessels, the spleen and thoracic duct
Respiratory System:
Two main functions are to supply cells with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Structures of the Respiratory System:
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea bronchi & lungs
Digestive system:
Breaks down food to allow nutrients into blood for circulation through the body
Structures of the Digestive System:
Liver, pancreas, esophagus, stomach, small & large intesting and rectum
Urinary System:
Helps to maintain water & salt balances, regulates acid-base balance in blood, removes all nitrogen-containing wastes from body
Reproductive System:
Main purpose is to produce offspring
Dorsal body cavity:
contains the cranial cavity and spinal column
Ventral body cavity:
Contains the structures within the chest and abdomen
Maintaining boundaries:
Integumentary system
Responds to environmental change:
Nervous System
Moving:
Muscular system used in Cardio, digestive, reproductive, urinary & respiratory systems
Ingestion & digestion:
Digestive system & cardiovascular system
Reproduction:
Reproductive and endocrine system
Growing:
All systems
Excretion:
Digestive and urinary system
Metabolism:
digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular and endocrine systems
Quantitative measurement:
When numerical results are used
Qualitative measurement:
When description or qualities are reported
Percision:
A reflection of how close multiple measurements are to one another
Density:
Mass of an object in relation to its volume
Mole:
6.02 x 10^23 (one unit of anything)
Molar Mass:
The mass in grams of a substance
Atomic number:
Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Ionic bond:
Bonds between positive and negative ions
Exergonic reaction:
A chemical reaction that yields a net release of free energy
Endergonic reaction:
A reaction yields a net absorption of free energy
Reduction-oxidation reactions:
Chemical reactions that result in the transference of electrons
Oxidation reaction:
An atom loses one or more electrons, resulting in a positive charge
Reduction reaction:
An atom gains one or more electrons, resulting in a negative charge
Vacume:
Empty space w/no particles and no pressure
Macrophage:
Protective cell type common in connective & lymphatic tissue and certain body organs
Mast cells:
Immune cells that function to detect foreign substances in tissue spaces; initate local inflammatory responses
Mechanical energy:
Energy directly involved in moving matter
Four stages of metamorphosis:
Egg, larva, pupa & adult
Milliequivalent per liter:
units used to measure electrolyte concentrations of body fluids
Mitosis:
Process of cell duplication-daughter cells receieve same nuclear material as original cell
Monosaccharide:
A simple sugar that can't be broken down by hydrolysis (glucose, fructose, galactose)
Motor Neurons:
Special nerve cells that transmit impulses to the muscles
Mucous membranes:
Membranes that form the lining of body cavities open to the exterior
Nephron:
structural and functional unit of the kidney
Operant conditioning:
A method of using rewards to train an animal to perform tasks that aren't inate
Osmotic pressure:
Force produced by the pressure of water diffusing through a semipermeable membrane
Pathogen:
Disease causing microorganism
Peripheral Nervous System:
portion of NS consisting of nerves and ganglia that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord
Photosynthesis:
Energy-making reaction in plants
Phototropism:
Growth response of plants to light
Pituitary Gland:
Neuroendocrine gland beneath the brain that regulates gonads, thyroid, adrenal cortex...
Polymer:
A large molecule fromed by small molecules linked together in a chain like fashion
Progesterone:
Hormone partly responsible for preparing the uterus for the fertilized ovum
Radioactivity:
The emission of subatomic particles from a nucleus
Regeneration:
Replacement of destroyed tissue w/same kind of tissue
Regulation:
Hormonal control of bodily functions via endocrine system
Respiration:
Reaction in cells of plants/animals that use oxygen and sugar to produce carbon dioxide, water, energy
Ribonucleic Acid:
Genetic material that assists w/protein synthesis
Sensory Neurons:
Special nerve cells that transmit impulses from a stimulus to a receptor
Sex-linked inheritance:
Inherited traits determined by genes of sex chromosomes
X - linked Genes:
Passed from mother to son
Y-linked Genes:
Passed from father to son
Stimulus Receptors:
sensory organs that respond to stimuli
Sublimation:
The transformation of a solid directly to a gas without an intervening liquid state
Substrate:
Substance on which an enzyme operates
Tidal air:
Amount of air involved during normal breathing
Tropism:
Movement of plants in response to stimuli
Vital capacity:
Maximum volume of air inhaled or exhaled during forced breathing