Leadership is...
A process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal" (Northouse, 2015, p.6)
Evolution of Leadership
Great Man theories
Trait theory
Behavioral theory
Situational theory
Transactional theory
Transformational theory
Which specific traits do people need to be successful leaders?
Intelligence
Confidence
Charisma
Determination
Sociability
Integrity
Integrity - the core of being a leader
Honesty & trustworthiness
Adhere to strong set of principles
Accountable for actions
"Good leaders are honest."
Develops faith in what leaders say and stand for
Enhances ability to influence due to confidence in leader
Creating a Vision
A vision is a mental model of an ideal future state. It offers a picture of what could be.
Leaders articulates their value through:
-Adapting the vision
-Highlighting the values
-Using words and symbols
Process Behavior
help people get comfortable
Task Behavior
get the job done
StrengthsFinder
Developed by Gallup Organization
4 Domains of Leadership strength
-Executing
-Initiating
-Strategic Thinking
-Relationship Building
What is a strength?
An attribute or quality of an individual that accounts for successful performance
McGregor's Theory X
1. People dislike work & will try to avoid it.
2. People need to be directed & controlled.
3. People want security, not responsibility.
McGregor's Theory Y
1. People don't inherently dislike work; doing work is as natural as play.
2. People will show responsibility & self-control toward goals to which they are committed.
3. People accept & seek responsibility.
McGregor's Theory X & Y Managers
According to McGregor, managers can be grouped depending on how they view their workers.
Theory X Managers
- these link closely to autocratic management
Theory Y Managers
- these link closely to democratic management
Leaderships Styles
horizontal vs. vertical leadership
Authoritarian- High
Democratic- Moderate
Laissez-Faire- Low
Task Oriented Leadership
-Goal oriented
-Achievers-to-be
-Meaning in work
-Reaching a goal is a positive expression of who they are
Relationship-Oriented Leadership
Meaning in being rather than in doing
Connection to people
Strong orientation in the present & find meaning in the moment
*Most leadership falls in the middle of the continuum between task & relationship orientation
...
Task-oriented Leadership
Task leadership behaviors facilitate goal accomplishment
The leader initiates structure:
-Organizes work
-Defines
responsibilities
-Schedules work
activities
The leader engages in production orientation, which stresses:
-The production and
technical aspec
Relationship-Oriented Leadership
Relationship leadership behaviors help develop bonds among group members
These include:
-consideration behaviors
-employee orientation
-concern for people
An Employee orientation involves:
-Taking an interest in workers as human beings
-Valuing their uniq
Conflict Defined
Conflict is a felt struggle between two or more interdependent individuals over perceived incompatible differences in beliefs, values, and goals, or over differences in desires for control, status, and connectedness.
Types of Conflict
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Societal
Intrapersonal
-Discord that occurs within an individual
-Involves dynamics of personality
Interpersonal
-Disputes that arise between individuals
Societal
Clashes between societies and nations
Ex.: Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Aspects of Conflict
-Struggle
-Interdependence
-Feelings
-Differences
Struggle
Opposing forces coming together
Interdependence
Leaders and followers need each other.
How much influence do I want? How much am I willing to accept?
Feelings
-Emotional arousal within both parties
-Array of emotions including anger, sadness, or disconnection
Differences
Differences in beliefs, values, goals, or in desire for control, status, and connectedness
Content Conflict
-Regarding Beliefs and Values
-Regarding Goals
Relational Conflicts
-Issues of esteem
-Issues of Control
-Issues of Affiliation
Fisher & Pry Approach to Conflict
Research method of conflict resolution
-Emphasizes deciding issues on their merits rather than through competitive haggling or excessive accommodation
Four Stages of approach to conflict:
-Separate the people from the problem
-Focus on interests, not positions
-Invent options for mutual gains
-Insist on using objective criteria
What is Emotional Intelligence?
The capacity for:
-Comprehending our own feelings and the feelings of others
-Motivating ourselves
-Managing our emotions effectively in our relationships
"People smarts
Four Sections of Emotional Intelligence
Self-awareness
Self-management
Social awareness
Social/relationship skills
What is Power?
-The capacity to influence others
-A capacity that individual A has to influence the behavior of individual B so that individual B acts in accordance with individual A's wishes
-Two essentials of power are resources and motivation
Types of Power Bases
Personal (Expert, Referent)
Organization (Legitimate, Reward, Coercive)
New power bases (Informational , Connection)
Expert Power
Power based on knowledge, experience, or information
Referent Power
Power derived from followers' view of the leader as a leader
Legitimate Power
Power derived from the position of the title that is held
Reward Power
Power based on control of resources to compensate individuals for good performance
Coercive Power
Power to punish those who perform poorly
Reasons people resist change
-Loss of control
-Excess uncertainty
-Surprise, surprise!
-Everything seems different
-Loss of face
-Concern about competence
-More work
-Ripple effects
-Past resentments
-Sometimes the threat is real
Climate vs. Constructive Climate
Climate - atmosphere of a team or organization
(Rituals, values, procedures, & underlying assumptions of a group involved)
Constructive climate - an atmosphere that promotes group members' satisfaction & achieving their personal best
In establishing a constructive climate, leaders need to:
Provide structure - sense of security knowing where you fit in
Effective leaders communicate team goals as a form of structure
Clarify norms - shape rules of behavior that will maximize group effectiveness
Build cohesiveness - establish sense of we-ness a
Ethical Leadership
-Leadership has a moral dimension because leaders influence the lives of others
-There is an obligation to work for the common good
-Ethical leadership is the influence of a moral person who moves others to do the right thing in the right way for the righ
What is an obstacle?
-A hindrance, problem, or hurdle that gets in the way of followers and makes it difficult for followers to reach their goal
-Could be physical (e.g., bad work space) or task-related (e.g., complex work process).
What is an obstacle? continued
-Obstacles are an integral part of our lives (Leaders must help others overcome these obstacles)
-Leaders need to first figure out what the problems are and then determine how best to solve them
-Employees will be more motivated, productive, and satisfied
Overcoming Obstacles in Practice
- Challenges for a leader are to figure out what the problems are and to decide what to do to solve them
-Path-goal leadership addresses the way leaders can assist others in overcoming obstacles that hinder productivity
-Leaders need to choose a style tha
Expectancy Theory
People will be more highly motivated when the effort they put into a task leads to an expected outcome that they value