Archaeologist
--study of artifacts
Anthropologist
--study of culture
Paleontologists
--study of fossils
Paleolithic Age
--Also known as the Old Stone Age.
--people made use of stone tools and weapons
--Most of this age was during the Ice Age.
--The earlier and longer part of the Stone Age. It lasted from about 2.5 million to 8000 B.C.
Neolithic Age
--Also known as the New Stone Age.
--Began about 8000 B.C. and ended as early as 3000 B.C.
--People learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals in this age.
Australopithecines (Paleolithic Age)
--Very first human.
--Developed the opposable thumb.
-- First human found was named Lucy.
--Human like beings who walk upright in the Paleolithic Age
Hominids (Paleolithic Age)
--Humans and other creatures that walk upright.
--They developed the opposable thumbs
Homo habilis
--"man of skill" --created first stone tools
Homo erectus (Paleolithic Age)
--First "upright human beings",
-- first to use fire, and the first to migrate or move from Africa.
--More intelligent and adaptable species than homo habilis.
Homo sapiens (Paleolithic Age)
--Scientists believe Homo erectus developed into this new species.
--Another name for them is "wise men"
--Physically resembled homo erectus but had much larger brains.
Homo sapiens sapiens
--This is another name for Cro-Magnons
--"Wise wise humans
Neanderthal
-- Homo Sapiens.
-- had heavy slanted brows, well-developed muscles, and think bones.
-- developed religious beliefs and performed rituals.
--First humans to bury the dead.
--Made clothes out of animal skins
--Lived in caves and tents
Cro-Magon (Paleolithic Age)
-- Homo Sapiens
--replaced Neanderthals
--Migrated from North Africa to Europe and Asia (have been found in Italy and Britain)
--Made new tools with specialized uses, studied animals' habits and stalked their prey
--Their superior hunting strategies allow
Nomads
--For tens of thousands of years men and women of the Old Stone Age were nomads
--Were highly mobile people who moved from place searching for new sources of food
Hunter-Gatherers
--Nomadic groups whose food supply depended on hunting animals and collecting plant foods are called hunter-gatherers
Slash-and-Burn Farming
--Early farming method
--In this method groups would cut trees or grasses and burned them to clear a field, the remaining ashes fertilized the soil
--Farmers planted crops for a year or two then moved to another area and trees and grass grew back and othe
Domestication
--Domestication is the taming of of animals
-- Hunters and farmers played a key role in domestication of animals
--They tamed horses, dogs, goats, and pigs
--Pastoral nomads (wandering herders) domesticated animals and they tended to sheep, goats, and cam
Civilization
--a complex culture with five characteristics
--advanced cities
--specialized workers
--complex institutions
--record keeping
--advanced technology
Advanced Cities
--size of the population
--center for trade for a large area
--markets in the cities
Specialized Workers
--traders
--government officials
--priests
--artisans
--builders
--farmers
Complex Institutions
--Leaders emerged to maintain order among people
--a system of ruling
--Laws
--government
--religion
--economy
Record Keeping
--a system of writing for documenting
--grain
--scribes
--laws
--taxes
--calendars
--cave paintings
-- hieroglyphics
--cuneiform
--codex
Improved Technology
--New tools and techniques
--ox-drawn plow: to turn the soil
--irrigation: the watering of land to make it ready for agriculture
--Potter's wheel: to shape jugs, plates, and bowls
--Bronze
Specialization
--the development of skills in a specific kind of work
Artisans
--skilled workers who make goods by hand
--specialization helped artisans develop their skill
Scribes
--professional record keepers
--invented a system of writing called cuneiform
Cuneiform
--Earliest form of writing
--meaning: "wedged shape"
--created by Sumerians
Barter
--trading goods and services without money
Ziggurat
-- Buildings used in Mesopotamia
--Pyramid shaped building
--They were the center of major cities
--tower of Babel is believed to have been considered a ziggurat
Institution
--a long lasting pattern of organization in a community
Bronze Age
--time period when people began using bronze, rather than copper and stone, to fashion tools and weapons.
--It started in Sumer
Part 3: Early River Valley Civilization ( text pgs. 29-55)
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Fertile Crescent
--an arc of rich farm land located in Southwest Asia, between the Persian Golf and the Mediterranean Sea
City-State
-- Sumerians created city city-states
--a city surrounding area that runs itself like a state or independant country
Dynasty
--a series of rulers from a single family
--Sumerian city-states were ruled by dynasties
Cultural difusion
--the spread of culture from group to group or society to society
Polytheism
--the belief in more than one god
Sargon of Akkad
--conqueror named Sargon who defeated the city-states of Sumer
--Sargon created the world's first empire
Empire
--brings together several peoples, nations, or previously independent states under the control of one ruler
Hammurabi's Code
--the Babylonian empire reached its peak during the reign of Hammurabi
--Hammurabi's Code was created in 1772 BCE
-- 228 laws inscribed on stone on 8ft pillars copies were placed all over his empire
--dealt with everything that affected the community
--me
Gift of the Nile
--every year in July the Nile River rises and spills over the banks and when the river recedes in October it left behind a rich deposit of fertile black mud called silt
Pharaohs
--the Egyptian god-kings
--they were thought to be almost as splendid and powerful as the gods of the heavens
King Tut
--"Boy Pharaoh of Egypt"
--became pharaoh at age 9
--didn't follow his fathers footsteps
--married his sister
--buried in Valley of Kings
theocracy
--government in which rule is based on religious authority
mummification
--a process of embalming that the Egyptians used
pyramid
--a massive structure with a rectangular base and four triangular sides, like those that were built in burial places for Old Kingdom pharaohs
hieroglyphics
--an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds
papyrus
-- a tall reed that grows in the Nile delta, used by ancient Egyptians to make a paper-like material used for writing on
monsoons
--seasonal winds that dominate India's climate
Harrapan Civilization
-- Another name for the Indus valley
dynastic cycle
--the historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynsaties
Mandate of Heaven
--In China
--Authority from the gods that you can rule
Oracle Bones
--Animal bones and tortoise shells which priest wrote questions on for the gods
--Oracle bones would be heated until they cracked and then priest would read the cracks for answers to important questions
chinamps
--"floating gardens" on Lake texcoco
chasquis
--portal service
Mayan Calendar
--260-day religious calendar
--365-day solar calendar
--helped identify best times to plant crops, attack enemies, crown new rulers
--based calendar on careful observation of the planets, sun, moon
Tikal
-- Name of a city
--Advanced city in the Mayan civilization
Tenochtitlan
--Tenochtitlan Built in the center of a lake
--Capital of Aztec civilization
allyu
-- A small Incan community
--the people that live in your community ( your extended family)
Mita
--labor tribe
-- In the incan civilization it was required that everyone had to work for a certain amount of days each year and they would repay you by taking care of you
glyphs
--a symbolic picture, used as part of writing system for carving messages in stone
Codex
--a book the Mayans created
--they wrote important information on it
Stele
--inscribed/carved marker that is often used to mark special dates or as building marker
Quipu
--an arrangement of knotted strings on a cord
--used by Inca to record numerical information
Cuzco
--heart of Incan empire (capital city)