King Philip II
King of Spain. Insisted on strict conformity to Catholicism and strong monarchical authority. Nicknamed the "Most Catholic King".
William the Silent
Prince of Orange. Married to James II's daughter, Mary. Raised an army and "invade" England. England had undergone a "Glorious Revolution".
Elizabeth Tudor
Queen of England. Issued a new Act of Supremacy that named her as "the only supreme governor" of both church and state. She tried to keep Spain and France from becoming too powerful by balancing power.
armada
a fleet of warships
Huguenots
French Protestants influenced by John Calvin
Henry of Navarre
Political leader of Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty. Came to throne and realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he was crowned king, the fighting in France came to an
James I
King of England. Believed in the divine right of kings.
Edict of Nantes
1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
Holy Roman Empire
Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806
divine right of kings
the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God
Bohemia
Protestant kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire where the people defied their new ruler who tried to close down Protestant churches. It is in modern day Czechoslovakia.
Puritans
Protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas
Charles I
Son of James I. Tried to impose more ritual on the Church of England.
Oliver Cromwell
Helped Roundheads win civil war in England. Purged Parliament of any members who had not supported him. Found it difficutl to work with the Rump Parliament and finally dispersed it by force. After destroying both king and Parliament, he set up a military
James II
King of England. An open and devout Catholic, making religion a cause of conflict between king and Paliament. named Catholics to high positions in the government, army, navy, and universities.
absolutism
a political system in which a ruler holds total power
Louis XIV
Wanted to be a real king and sole ruler of France. He fostered the mysth of himself as the Sun King--the source of light for all of his people. Established royal court at Versailles, which was the persoanl household of the king, the chief offices of the s
Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIII's chief minister who strenghtened the power of hte monarchy by taking away the Huguenots' political and military rights while preserving their religious rights. Tamed the nobles by setting up a network of spies to uncover plots by nobles agains
Frederick Willion the Great Elector
Laid foundation of Prussia state. Built large and efficient standing army. Set up the General WAr Commissariat to levy taxes for the army and oversee its growth.
Ivan IV
Expanded territories of Russia eastwward. Crushed the power of the Russian nobility. Ivan the Terrible because of his ruthless deeds.
boyar
a Russian noble
Michael Romanov
Chosen by Zemsky Sobor, or national assembly, as the new czar.
Peter the Great
Determined to westernize Russia. Russia became a great military power. Reorganized the armyt. Divided Russia into provinces. Built the port St. Petersburg as a window to the West.
Mannerism
an artistic movement that marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation
El Greco
Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614)
baroque
an artistic style of the seventeeth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrating elements
Miguel de Cervantes
Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)
Lope de Vega
Spanish playwright
Thomas Hobbes
Claimed that humansa were guided not by reason and moral ideas but by a ruthless struggle for self-preservation.
John Locke
Believed that before society was organized, humans lived in a state of equlaity and freedom rather than a state of war. Humans had certain natural rights.