Chapter 14 - Crisis and Absolutism in Europe

militant

combative

armada

a fleet of warships

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Henry of Navarre

Political leader of Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty. Came to throne and realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he was crowned king, the fighting in France came to an

King Philip II

King of Spain. Insisted on strict conformity to Catholicism and strong monarchical authority. Nicknamed the "Most Catholic King".

William the Silent

Prince of Orange. Married to James II's daughter, Mary. Raised an army and "invade" England. England had undergone a "Glorious Revolution".

Elizabeth Tudor

Queen of England. Issued a new Act of Supremacy that named her as "the only supreme governor" of both church and state. She tried to keep Spain and France from becoming too powerful by balancing power.

inflation

a rapid increase in prices

witchcraft

the practice of magic by people supposedly in league with the devil

divine right of kings

the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God

commonwealth

a republic

James I

King of England. Believed in the divine right of kings.

Puritans

Protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas

Charles I

Son of James I. Tried to impose more ritual on the Church of England.

Cavaliers

Supporters of the King.

Roundheads

Parliamentary forces

Oliver Cromwell

Helped Roundheads win civil war in England. Purged Parliament of any members who had not supported him. Found it difficutl to work with the Rump Parliament and finally dispersed it by force. After destroying both king and Parliament, he set up a military

James II

King of England. An open and devout Catholic, making religion a cause of conflict between king and Paliament. named Catholics to high positions in the government, army, navy, and universities.

absolutism

a political system in which a ruler holds total power

czar

Russian for "caesar", the titlie used by Russian emperors

boyar

a Russian noble

Louis XIV

Wanted to be a real king and sole ruler of France. He fostered the mysth of himself as the Sun King--the source of light for all of his people. Established royal court at Versailles, which was the persoanl household of the king, the chief offices of the s

Cardinal Richelieu

Louis XIII's chief minister who strenghtened the power of hte monarchy by taking away the Huguenots' political and military rights while preserving their religious rights. Tamed the nobles by setting up a network of spies to uncover plots by nobles agains

Frederick Willion the Great Elector

Laid foundation of Prussia state. Built large and efficient standing army. Set up the General WAr Commissariat to levy taxes for the army and oversee its growth.

Ivan IV

Expanded territories of Russia eastwward. Crushed the power of the Russian nobility. Ivan the Terrible because of his ruthless deeds.

Michael Romanov

Chosen by Zemsky Sobor, or national assembly, as the new czar.

Peter the Great

Determined to westernize Russia. Russia became a great military power. Reorganized the armyt. Divided Russia into provinces. Built the port St. Petersburg as a window to the West.

Mannerism

an artistic movement that marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation

baroque

an artistic style of the seventeeth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrating elements

natural rights

rights with which all humans are supposedly born, including the rights to life, liberty, and property

Thomas Hobbes

Claimed that humansa were guided not by reason and moral ideas but by a ruthless struggle for self-preservation.

John Locke

Believed that before society was organized, humans lived in a state of equlaity and freedom rather than a state of war. Humans had certain natural rights.