urban society
a society in which many of the people live in the cities
secular
worldly, rather than religious
mercenary
a soldier who sells his services to the highest bidder
Dowry
in Renaissance Italy, a sum of money given by a wife's family to her husband upon marriage.
Humanism
an intellectual movement of the Renaissance that was based on the study of the ancient Greek and Roman classics
Fresco
a painting done fresh, wet paint with water-based paints
Christian Humanism
a movement in northern Europe during the Renaissance (also called Northern Renaissance humanism) that stressed a belief in the ability of human being to reason and improve themselves
salvation
acceptance into heaven
indulgence
a release from all or part of the punishment for sin
predestination
the belief that God has determined in advance (predestined) who will be saved and who will be damned
annul
declare a marriage invalid
Italian Renaissance
1) largely an urban society
2) secular studies/viewpoint
3) individuality honored
4) rebirth of ancient civilization
5) recovery from 1300's
Renaissance
rebirth
What events started and ended the Italian wars?
GROWTH OF POWERFUL MONARCHIES.
The French king led his army into Italy; they occupied the kingdom of Naples. Spanish helped out Italians. Italy was the French and Spanish battlegrounds. The Spanish was left to be the dominant force in Italy when the troop
What was Machiavelli's view on human nature?
a prince's attitude towards power must be based on an understanding of human nature, which he believed was basically self-centered.
How were towns and cities in the fifteenth century different from the Middle Ages?
In the Middle Ages, they were divided into three estates/social classes. In the Renaissance, nobility and peasants/townspeople, which is an overwhelming mass of third estate; more urbanized as well.
Architecture
Church for humans; not divine
Sculpture
realistic and free-standing
Painting
high Renaissance; more idealized
How did humanism change in the early 1400's?
Studies of humanities should serve the state, intellectuals must lead active lives, humanism took interest in civic life
What two authors made vernacular literature popular in the 14th century?
Dante and Christine de Pizan
According to humanists, what was the purpose of a liberal educations?
enabled people to reach full potential
Who are three artists most associated with the High Renaissance?
Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael
How did the Northern Renaissance painting techniques differ from the Italian Renaissance artists?
Northern Renaissance had stain-glassed windows and a band of frescoes
Lutheranism
SALVATION-faith alone, and not good works. justifies and brings salvation through Christ
SACRAMENTS-Communion and Baptism
CLERGY & MARRIAGE-clergy were allowed to marry
CHURCH SERVICES-bible readings, preaching of the Word of God and song
Catholicism
SALVATION-collected relics; faith/good works
SACREMENTS-seven sacraments
CLERGY AND MARRIAGE-not marry; celibate
CHURCH SERVICES-Catholic Mass
What did Christian humanists believe was the best way to reform the church and society?
In order to change society they must first change the human being who make it up
Why did Erasmus and others think that the Catholic Church needed to be reformed?
They though that it corrupted
95 Theses
Stunning attack on abuses in the sale of indulgences, written by M.L.K.J. to parts of Germany. (95 statements)
What was the Peace of Augsburg?
agreement formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany. German states were now free to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism
Zwingli
paintings, decorations, relics
Calvin
church government of clergy and laity
Anabaptists
adult baptism only
Henry VIII
head of church; takes over the church in England
Who was the leader of the first Protestant reform movement in Switzerland?
Ulrich Zwingli
What religious doctrine is associated with John Calvin?
Predestination-belief God determines in advance who will be saved and who will be damned
Why did England break away from the Roman Catholic Church?
Henry VIII wanted a male heir. Church wouldn't allow him to divorce wife, so he broke away.
How did the beliefs of the Anabaptists different form those of the other Protestants?
beliefs of anabaptist followed early Christianity
How did the Protestant view o marriage and family affect the clergy?
believe celibacy; family could now be place at the center of human life
What three factors brought about a reformation of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century?
1) Jesuits
2) reform of the papacy
3) Council of Trent
The Renaissance begins when Cosimo de Mdici and his friends search Europe for __________ ______________. Simply reading pagan authors like Socrates and Plato was punishable by excommunication from the church
classical manuscripts
Popes could excommunicate (throw rom the church and damn forever) Christians guilty of _________, which was believing anything other than what the church preached.
heresy
_____________, who built the dome of the Florence Cathedral, was both architect and engineer.
Brunelleschi
Brunelleschi used ____________ as supports for first time in 1000 years, creating a revolution in architecture.
columns
Florentines came to watch the construction of the dome. One of the things that amazed them was Brunelleschi's use of the classical orders of ______, which hadn't been used since the fall of Rome.
arches
Although Brunelleschi examined the construction of the dome of the Roman Pantheon, he couldn't use the same techniques because of the size of the dome and because the recipe for making ____________ had been lost.
gears
Brunelleschi personally lay some of the _________ on he dome because what he proposed was so revolutionary that the brick masons were afraid the technique would fail.
brick
Cosimo's patronage of Brunelleschi helped the Medici family gain _______ _____ _________.
power and prestige
Brunelleschi was jailed and forced to stop work on Il Duomo (the dome) when his patron was found guilty of treason against ________.
Florence
Cosimo escaped from the tower that was his prison by ____________ the guards.
bribing
When Cosimo was finally asked to return to Florence, he had even more power and prestige. The Medici banks became the most important banks in Europe as the collected money for the ______.
pope
Cosimo de Medici patronage of Baldesari Cossa paid off when Cossa became Pope _____________
John XXIII
Marcello Fantoni: "Patronage is great for the production of art but totally irrational from an economic view. _____________ is a political strategy....high political competition....
Patronage
Florence was proud to be the only ___________ in Europe; but the government was often corrupt.
republic
Seventy percent of all Renaissance _________ lived and worked in Florence.
artists
Brunelleschi also invented linear _____________. According to Jeremy Brotton, this invention changed the way we SEE creating a modern way of looking at the world.
perspective
The bronze sculpture of David by __________ was the first free-standing statues created since ancient Rome.
Donatello
ONce Il Duomo was finished, Cosimo organized the _________ __________ of FLorence, which brought people from all over the world to his city; included were scholars who knew and could translate Greek the ancient Greek texts that Cosimo and his friends had
general council
When Cosimo died in 1464, the Florentines declared him ________ __________, father of the fatherland.
Pater Patriae
All of the artists that the Ninja turtles were named after (___________, ___________, Raphael, Donatello) worked for the Medici family.
Leonardo, Michelangelo
The system of _____________ used by the Medici family to operate FLorence and Tuscany, in which people are personally loyal to a family that looks out for them in return, was similar to the system used by the Mafia to control Southern Italy.
patronage
The __________ in the chapel of the Medici Palace advertised the family's power.
frescoes
Lorenzo de Medici ruled FLorence through ___________ rather than by law or elected position.
influence
The current pope, Pope ________, was in on the plot against the Medici.
Sixtus
Lorenzo survived, and his supporters hanged the conspirators, including two relatives of the pope-from the government building windows.
pope sent army; called it back
Lorenzo visited his ______ in Naples alone, bribed them, and defeated the Pope's attempts to destroy Florence.
enemies
When Lorenzo returned to Florence, he was named "Il Magnifico" and asked to take over the government of Florence; he _________.
agreed
For 20 years, the Florentines benefited from Lorenzo's public ___________, his "spending virtuously" on buildings, art, festivals, and entertainments.
generosity
Lorenzo established the first ____ _________ in Florence.
art school
Botticelli's painting LA PRIMA VERA (te spring), which was based on classical mythology rather than the ______, explored new and possibly dangerous artistic ground.
Bible
Savonarola believed that the nude painting and non-religious art were ________.
evil
Eventually Botticelli either changed his mind about what subjects are appropriate for painting or he feared the repercussions his art might bring because he threw some of his own paintings on Savonarola's "___________ ___ _______ ____________.
Bonfire of the Vanities.
When Lorenzo's banks began to fail, the 'amici dell amici' (friends of friends) system of influence began to break down because there weren't enough ________ _________ to go around.
personal favors
After Lorenzo's death, Savonarola gained control of the city; his bands of "_____________" ________ roamed the city beating up prostitutes, burning homosexuals, and harassing anyone wearing jewelry, makeup, or elaborate clothes as well as anyone still own
skinhead" teens
In the "Bonfires of the Vanities," ____________ and his followers burned books, makeup, clothes, wigs, art, and jewelry.
Savonarola
Six years after his fundamentalist backlash against the Renaissance and Lorenzo de Medici, Savonarola was excommunicated, tortured, chained, hanged, and burned. Florence had turned against _____ __________ after suffering years of plague, war, and starvat
the prophet
Catherine de Medici
used as a pawn by the Florentines, traded for the safety of the city when they surrendered to the army of Giovanni and Guilio; married to French prince at 14.
Giovanni de Medici
excommunicated Martin Luther; Was pope when Germans sacked Rome under Holy Roman Emperor Charles V; his poor negotiating skills were largely to blame for the attack; sold papal indulgences to pay off his debts; Lorenzo's son who became the youngest cardin
Guilio de Medici
Was run out of Florence and exiled for 9 years, returned with an army to invade Florence, was later welcomed after becoming pope; son of Guiliano, who was adopted by Lorenzo; Became Pope Clement BII after the longest conclave in history-it took him two ye
Leonardo de Vinci
dissected corpses to learn human anatomy
Martin Luther
In 1517 attached his 95 theses on the door Wittenburg Cathedral; was excommunicated; started proestant revolution called The Reformation.
Michelangelo
Forced by Pope Julius to paint Sistine Chapel; forced by Pope Clement VII to create The Last Judgement over altar in Sistine Chapel; Forced by Pope Leo X to sculpt Medici tombs in Florence; Hired by Florentine government to set up defenses for Florence ag
Niccoio Machaivelli
Hired by Florentine government to set up defenses for Florence against Giovanni and Guilio de Medici; assembled a national militia; Wrote The Prince, a cynical book describing the realities of politics in his day; dedicated it to the Medici in an attempt
Pope Julius
Helped de Medici cousins get army to invade Florence after their exile.