Who entered imperialist competition late?
the U.S.A.
Who seemed to be off to a late start in the scramble for colonial possessions?
the U.S.A.
Who were already busily adding new colonies to their empires?
European nations
While European nations were looking toward Africa and Asia, the United States was expanding where?
in North America and the Pacific
Who were the first foreigners to settle in Alaska?
Russian fur traders
Who gave the Russian-American Company a charter to serve as Alaska's government?
Czar Paul I
How did Russian, British, and American fur traders compete under the governance of the Russian-American Company?
amicably
What was becoming scarce by 1867?
sea otters, which had the most valuable fur
Why did Russia offer to sell Alaska to the United States?
it was struggling to recover from the Crimean War
Who was the secretary of state for President Andrew Johnson?
William H. Seward
What did William H. Seward have visions of?
an American empire
What was William H. Seward eager to buy?
Alaska
What did William H. Seward think Alaska had potential as a resource for?
fur, timber, and metals
From where did William H. Seward face opposition in his plans for Alaska?
Congress
What did many people regard Alaska as, being unaware of its rich mineral resources?
a frozen wasteland
How much did William H. Seward buy Alaska for?
$7.2 million
What did critics call Alaska?
Seward's Folly and Seward's Icebox
When did Americans come to appreciate the bargain they'd gotten in Alaska?
after gold and oil were discovered there
Besides Alaska, what else did William H. Seward acquire in the year 1867?
the Midway Islands, strategically located west of Hawaii
Where did industrialized nations compete for territory from the 1870s to the 1910s?
Africa, Asia, and Latin America
What is imperialism?
the extension of a nation's power over other lands
By the late 1800s, what nations had embraced the imperialist spirit?
Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, and Japan
What lead to the imperialist quest for empire?
economic interests, military needs, ideology, and the scramble for territory
What had brought great prosperity to the Western powers?
the Industrial Revolution
What had industrialized nations flooded their own countries with?
goods and investment capital, prompting them to look for new customers and new places to invest
Where did Industrialists begin to look to for new sources of raw materials for their factories?
Africa, Asia, and Latin America
What did Industrialized nations create to defend their shores and protect their trading interests?
strong navies
What do navies need?
bases where ships can refuel and make repairs
What did Industrialized nations want to build on foreign territory?
coaling stations for their navies
What two popular ideologies contributed to imperialism?
a strong sense of nationalism and a feeling of cultural superiority
What is nationalism?
a love of one's country
What did many people feel territorial conquests enhanced?
a nation's power and prestige
Why did Africa, Asia, and Latin America seem "backward" to many Europeans and Americans?
they had less industry and urban development
What fed into the view of cultural superiority?
social Darwinism
What did social Darwinists believe?
when nations competed against one another, only the fittest would survive
What did some people consider a social responsibility?
civilizing" the inhabitants of less developed countries and spreading the benefits of Western society
What did Protestant Christian missionaries feel they had a moral duty to do?
convert others to their beliefs
Who alone ruled about one-quarter of the world's land and population?
the British Empire
What did many Americans believe?
it was time for the United States to claim its own territories abroad
What was a powerful attraction to American imperialism?
the prospect of new markets and military advantages
What else did Americans want to spread?
the Christian faith and democratic values
What Protestant clergyman eloquently expressed the idea of spreading Christianity and civil liberty?
Josiah Strong
What did Americans believe in the mid-1800s?
that it was their manifest destiny to expand westward to the Pacific Ocean
What were the three main causes for U.S. expansionism?
the desire for new markets and raw materials, the desire for naval bases and coaling stations, and the desire to bring Christianity, western-style culture, and democracy to other peoples
What was an ideal spot for coaling stations and naval bases for ships traveling to and from Asia?
Hawaii
Whose voyage brought Hawaii to the attention of the outside world?
Captain James Cook
Who united the eight major islands of Hawaii under his leadership?
Chief Kamehameha
What did Chief Kamehameha establish?
a monarchy and a profitable trade in sandalwood
What crop did missionaries settling in Hawaii begin to raise?
sugarcane
What made sugar planters very rich?
America's sweet tooth
Who resented the Americans' influence over his government and promised to put native Hawaiians back into power?
King Kalakaua
With whom did King Kalakaua ally himself early in his reign in order the strengthen the Hawaiian economy?
landowners
What did the treaty negotiated in 1875 by King Kalakaua allow?
Hawaiian sugar to enter the United States tax free - made Hawaiian sugar cheaper than sugar from other places
What did a group of American business leaders, planters, and traders form?
a secret society called the Hawaiian League
What was the purpose of the Hawaiian League?
to overthrow the monarchy and establish a democracy in Hawaii under the control of Americans
What did the United States want in exchange for renewing the sugar treaty?
the port of Pearl Harbor
What did King Kalakaua refuse to give up?
the independence of any part of Hawaii
What did the Hawaiian League force King Kalakaua to sign at gunpoint?
a new constitution - the king called it the bayonet constitution
What did the bayonet constitution do?
it severely restricted King Kalakaua's power and deprived most Hawaiians of the vote - it also forced King Kalakaua to give Pearl Harbor to the United States
Who now had political control over Hawaii?
American sugar planters
What did the United States revoke in order to support sugar producers on the U.S. mainland?
the sugar treaty with Hawaii
What did American sugar producers in Hawaii believe was their only option to protect their businesses?
to become part of the United States
What did American sugar producers secretly begin with U.S. officials?
talks about annexation
When King Kalakaua died in 1891, who became queen of Hawaii?
Queen Liliuokalani
Who was Queen Liliuokalani?
a Hawaiian nationalist who wanted to do away with the bayonet constitution
What did Queen Liliuokalani announce?
her plan to restore the power of the Hawaiian monarchy
What did members of the business community do in respone to Queen Liliuokalani's plan to restore the Hawaiian monarchy?
they plotted to overthrow her - they wanted the islands to be governed as a territory of the United States
Who was the American minister to Hawaii?
John L. Stevens
Who did John L. Stevens decide to help?
rebel sugar planters
What did John L. Stevens order?
four boatloads of U.S. Marines to go ashore and take up positions around the royal palace, aiming machine guns and cannons at the building
When did Queen Liliuokalani surrender?
when the royal palace was surrounded by U.S. Marines
What did rebel leaders quickly form after Queen Liliuokalani's surrender?
a new regime
What sugar tycoon was the president of the new regime in Hawaii?
Sanford B. Dole
Who formally recognized the new Republic of Hawaii?
John L. Stevens
Who proclaimed Hawaii to be under U.S. protection?
John L. Stevens
What was the Senate considering when John L. Stevens proclaimed Hawaii to be under U.S. protection?
a treaty to annex the islands
Who put the treaty to annex Hawaii on hold and ordered an investigation of the events that went on?
President Grover Cleveland
What did the Hawaii investigator's report do?
it condemned the revolt against Liliuokalani and proposed restoring her to the throne
Who refused to step down in Hawaii?
Sanford B. Dole
What was Cleveland unwilling to use to back Liliuokalani?
military force
Who favored annexation of Hawaii?
William McKinley
What did Hawaii become in 1898?
an American territory
Who established Hawaii as the dominant supplier of the world's canned pineapples?
James Dole
Why did Hawaii attract American interest early on?
it was a convenient place to stop for fuel and supplies on the journey to China
Who strictly controlled foreign trade and stayed nearly isolated from the rest of the world?
China
What was the only Chinese port foreigners were allowed in?
the port of Guangzhou
Who forced China to open five ports to trade?
the British
What did Chinese rulers struggle to keep foreign interests from doing?
overrunning the country
Who took over the island of Taiwan and tried to seize the Liaotung Peninsula?
Japan
What is a sphere of influence?
a geographic area where an outside nation exerts special economic or political control
Who proposed the Open Door Policy?
Secretary of State John Hay
What was the aim of the Open Door Policy?
to give all nations equal trading rights in China
What grew in China as a result of foreign countries now vying for business in China?
antiforeigner sentiments
Who began attacking foreign missionaries and Chinese Christians?
the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists
What was the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists known as to westerners?
Boxers
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
a siege by the Boxers to the city of Beijing
Who helped quell the Boxer Rebellion?
western nations
What did China sign as a response to the western nations' help in quelling the Boxer Rebellion?
a humbling settlement agreement
What did the Boxer Rebellion increase?
support for Hay's Open Door Policy
What did Western nations realize would hurt their ability to exploit the Chinese trade?
competition among themselves
Who pressured Japan to open its ports to trade?
the U.S.
Who sent Matthew Perry to Japan?
President Millard Fillmore
Where did Matthew Perry go with a fleet of four ships?
Edo (Tokyo) Bay in Japan
What did the Japanese government know it couldn't defend itself against?
a modern navy
What did the Japanese government realize it couldn't maintain?
its isolated position in the world
What did Japan embark on after agreeing to a treaty that opened Japan to trade with the United States?
a program of rapid modernization
What war saw Japan emerge as a major power?
the Russo-Japanese War
Who helped negotiate the Treaty of Portsmouth to end the Russo-Japanese War?
President Theodore Roosevelt
Who was a rival to the United States for influence in China and the Pacific region?
Japan
What did Japan have fewer of when compared to other imperialist nations?
natural resources
Why did the Japanese government want to expand?
for territory and to counterbalance U.S. expansion in the Pacific
Who decided to impress upon Japan just how powerful the U.S. military was?
Roosevelt
What was the Great White Fleet?
four squadrons of battleships the embarked on an around-the-world journey
Who led the Great White Fleet?
Rear Admiral Charles Sperry
What gave the United States a new role as a world power?
a quick victory in the Spanish-American War
What two people owned rival newspapers that were competing fiercely?
William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
How did the newspapers of William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Putlizer try to woo readers?
by using sensational stories and blaring banner headlines
Who was to send Hearst drawings of war scenes in the Cuban rebellion against Spanish rule?
Frederic Remington
Who was to write dramatic stories of the Cuban rebellion?
Richard Harding Davis
What did Remington find was happening in Cuba?
not much in the way of a war
Who wrote a book about his life as a foreign correspondent for Hearst?
James Creelman
By the 1890s Spain had lost all of its colonies in the Western Hemisphere except for what?
Cuba and Puerto Rico
Who in particular were not happy to be part of Spain's empire?
Cubans
What had Cubans been launching against Spanish rule?
series of revolts
How did Spain respond to Cuban revolts?
by exiling leaders of the independence movement
Who was exiled from Cuba and moved to New York to continue to promote independence?
Jose Marti
How did Jose Marti urge Cubans to fight for their freedom?
through newspaper articles and poetry
What did Jose Marti found?
the Cuban Revolutionary Party
Who did Spain send to suppress Cuban rebels?
General Valeriano Weyler
How did General Valeriano Weyler keep civilians from aiding Cuban rebels?
by forcing them into camps controlled by the Spanish army
What did Americans liken Cuba's struggle to?
their own during the American Revolution
What were the two most widely read papers?
the New York Journal by William Randolph Hearst and the New York World by Joseph Pulitzer
What did the New York Journal and New York World tell?
scandalous stories with large, shocking illustrations
What was yellow journalism?
the style of sensationalist, scandalous reporting
What did Hearst feel strongly?
that the United States should intervene in Cuba
Who was reluctant at first to involve the United States in the conflict between Cuba and Spain?
President William McKinley
Who was Enrique Dupuy de Lome?
Spain's minister to the United States
What did the de Lome letter do?
it ridiculed McKinley for being "weak and catering to the rabble
What did the Journal call the de Lome letter?
the worst insult to the United States in its history
What brought U.S. relations with Spain to a breaking point?
a violent tragedy in Havana Harbor
What battleship had been sent to Havana to protect American lives and property?
USS Maine
What happened on February 15, 1898?
the Maine mysteriously blew up, killing 260 soldiers
Who did Americans blame for the explosion of the USS Maine?
Spain
What do historians now believe caused the explosion of the Maine?
a fire in a coal storage room
What became the rallying cty of American war supporters?
Remember the Maine!
What did President McKinley demand of Spain?
that it grant Cuba its independence
When did Congress declare war on Spain?
April 25, 1898
How long did the Spanish-American war last?
about 4 months
On what two fronts was the Spanish-American war fought?
Cuba and the Philippines
What position did Theodore Roosevelt hold when the U.S. declared war on Spain?
assistant secretary of the navy
Who was Commodore George Dewey?
the commander of the U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron
What was Dewey's assignment, secretly sent to him by Roosevelt?
to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines if war broke out between the United States and Spain
Where did Dewey's squadron rush once he had received word that war had been declared?
Manila Bay in the Philippines
When did the Spanish fleet open fire on American forces?
May 1, 1898
Why did Dewey have his sailors initially hold their fire?
he did not want to waste ammunition because the nearest American point of resupply was California
Who did George Dewey tell to fire when they were ready?
Charles Gridley
What advantage did Americans have over Spain?
modern ships with iron and steel hulls, as well as superior weaponry
What types of ships did Spain have?
old-fashioned wooden ones
What did Gridley report two hours into the battle?
that the Olympia was low on ammunition
What did Dewey decide in response to Gridley's low-ammunition report?
to withdraw from battle so that the ships could redistribute their remaining supplies
To keep morale up during the withdrawal, what did Dewey tell his men?
they were taking a break to eat breakfast
What did Dewey learn during the alleged breakfast break?
that the report about ammunition was incorrect and that the Olympia had plenty of supplies for the rest of the battle
When did the American fleet resume fighting?
shortly before noon
What had happened to the Spanish fleet?
it was ablaze and sinking
How many American lives were lost in the Battle of Manila Bay?
none
How many Spanish lives were lost or injured in the Battle of Manila Bay?
nearly 400
What did Dewey begin doing after the decisive victory in the Battle of Manila Bay?
he began planning an attack on the capital city of Manila
Who was the leader of a rebel army of Filipino patriots that partnered with Dewey?
Emilio Aguinaldo
How long had Filipinos been fighting for independence from Spain?
2 years
While Dewey's warships remained in the harbor, who captured Manila?
Aguinaldo's army
Why did Spanish forces in the Philippines surrender on August 14, 1898?
they were cut off by Dewey's fleet and surrounded by Aguinaldo's rebels
What had Congress done days before declaring war on Spain?
recognized Cuba's independence and adopted the Teller Amendment
What did the Teller Amendment state?
that once Cuba freed itself from Spanish rule, the United States would "leave the government and control of the Island to its people
What proved difficult to achieve?
victory in Cuba
What was not as prepared as it should have been for the Spanish-American war?
the U.S. War Department
What did the U.S. War Department stupidly equip soldiers with for a summer war in a tropical climate?
woolen uniforms
Where did the mess pans come from?
they were left over from the Civil War
What did soldiers call the sickening canned meat in Cuba?
embalmed beef
Who made up most the soldiers who fought in Cuba?
enlisted men, also called regulars
Besides regulars, who else fought in Cuba?
many volunteers
Who were the most famous volunteers who fought in Cuba?
the Rough Riders
What was the Rough Riders?
a regiment organized by Theodore Roosevelt after he left his navy post
Who joined the Rough Riders?
adventurous college athletes, cowboys, ranchers, and miners
How did the Rough Riders expect to fight?
on horseback
Why did the Rough Riders have to leave their horses behind in America?
the transport ships to Cuba were overbooked
What did the Rough Riders end up functioning as instead of as a cavalry?
foot soldiers
What was the American strategy in Cuba?
to capture the port city of Santiago
What did U.S. troops need to control to capture Santiago?
the hills around the city
What hill did a U.S. division seize on July 1 after a 4-hour fight?
El Caney
What two hills took some 8,000 U.S. troops to fight for control?
the Kettle and San Juan hills
Who led the charge on Kettle and San Juan Hill?
experienced African American soldiers of the Ninth and Tenth Cavalries
What were the African American soldiers known as?
Buffalo soldiers
By nightfall, what did U.S. troops control in the Battle of San Juan Hill?
the ridge above Santiago
What did six Buffalo soldiers and two Rough Riders receive for their heroic actions in the Battle of San Juan Hill?
the Medal of Honor
What did the U.S. Navy do in the Battle of Santiago on July 3rd?
sunk the entire Spanish fleet
What happened soon after the Battle of Santiago?
Spanish troops in Cuba surrendered, and U.S. troops defeated Spanish forces in Puerto Rico
How did the terms of peace prove for Spain?
costly
What did the terms of peace require Spain to give up all claims to?
Cuba
What did the terms of peace require Spain to cede to the United States?
Puerto Rico and Guam
What did Spain turn over to the U.S. in exchange for a $20 million payment?
the Philippines
Who described the Spanish-American War as "a splendid little war?
John Hay, the ambassador to Great Britain
What did the Spanish-American War cost the U.S.?
roughly $250 million and the lives of 2,000 soldiers, most of whom died from yellow fever
Who noted that although the Spanish-American War was very brief, "its results were many, startling, and of world-wide meaning?
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts
Into the ranks of what did the United States move after the Spanish-American War?
imperialist nations
What did its new overseas territories give the United States?
more bases for trade and for resupplying its navy
What did the United States do a year after the Spanish-American War?
capitalized on its new economic and military strength and acquired the Pacific island of Samoa
What did Expansionists express delight over?
the country's growing power
What troubled many Americans?
the quest for empire
What controversy raged in the United States following the Spanish-American War?
whether or not we should annex the Philippines
What were some Americans uneasy with?
the idea of controlling overseas territories
What did some Americans believe in regard to imperialism?
that it not only made the United States stronger but also benefited those under colonial rule
What did some people who favored annexation believe?
that the United States had a duty to spread its values overseas
Who spoke of the need "to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them?
President McKinley
What did some Americans want the Philippines for?
their economic and strategic value
What would the Philippines be useful as?
a place to refuel and resupply ships
Why did many expansionists want to annex the Philippines?
so that it didn't fall into the hands of Germany, Japan, or another nation
What did some people reason that annexation would violate?
the ideal of self-government - the foundation of the American system
What did people who opposed annexing the Philippines form?
the Anti-Imperialist League in June 1898
What did many African Americans worry would be exported to the Philippines?
oppression
What group of activists argued that with racism and violence still painfully common at home, "the duty of the President and country is to reform these crying domestic wrongs and not attempt the civilization of alien peoples by powder and shot?
the Colored Citizens of Boston
What did some Americans fear that annexing the Philippines would open the doors to?
a flood of new immigrants
What did Samuel Gompers believe would hurt American workers?
a flood of new immigrants
What did the Senate narrowly approve after a fierce debate?
a treaty calling for annexation of the Philippines
How did Filipino nationalists react to the treaty calling for the annexation of the Philippines?
they were infuriated
What had Emilio Aguinaldo done after the Spanish-American War?
he had set up a government and proclaimed himself president of the new Philippine Republic
What did Emilio Aguinaldo warn?
that he was prepared to take military action if the United States tried to assume control of the Philippines
What broke out, to no one's surprise?
fighting
Who battled U.S. soldiers?
Filipino independence fighters
What happened to Emilio Aguinaldo?
he was finally captured by Americans and forced from power in 1901
What was the stated goal of the United States in taking over the Philippines?
to prepare the islands for independence
Although Congress put a U.S.-appointed governor in charge, what were Filipinos allowed?
a voice in governing
When did the United States finally grant full independence to the Philippines?
July 4, 1946 - three decades later
What did the United States begin to exert in the wake of the Spanish-American War?
its influence over Latin America
What was Theodore Roosevelt a man of?
action and vigorous foreign policy
What West African proverb did Roosevelt often quote?
Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far
What was Roosevelt's "big stick?
naval power
As president, what did Roosevelt build up?
the Great White Fleet
What was Roosevelt's dream?
a canal that would let ships sail between the Atlantic and the Pacific without going around South America
What was the canal site?
Panama, which was then a province of Colombia
For what did Colombian diplomats agree to lease a canal zone across Panama?
a one-time payment of $10-million and a yearly fee of $250,000
Who rejected the U.S.'s offer for a canal zone and demanded more money?
the Colombian senate
What did various groups with a stake in the canal do?
they stepped in to encourage a revolution in Panama
What battleship lingered off the coast of Panama?
the USS Nashville
Who landed in Colombia to supposedly "maintain order," but really just prevented Colombian troops from stopping the rebels?
American marines
What did the government of newly independent Panama agree to?
the original treaty offered to Colombia
What did President McKinley set up in Cuba and Puerto Rico after the war in order to restore order and protect American investments?
military governments
Who did McKinley appoint as governor of Cuba?
Leonard Wood
What disease had reached epidemic levels among American troops in Cuba?
yellow fever
What two American doctors studied the problem of yellow fever?
Walter Reed and William C. Gorgas
Who theorized that mosquitoes spread yellow fever?
Carlos Juan Finlay
Who proved Finlay's theory of mosquitoes spreading yellow fever?
Reed and Gorgas
What did William C. Gorgas organize?
a plan to drain all pools of standing water, where mosquitoes bred
Who oversaw the drafting of a new Cuban constitution in 1901?
Leonard Wood
With what did the U.S. declare that it would not annex Cuba?
the Teller Amendment
What did Americans fear other imperialist nations might do in Cuba?
try to take control of Cuba or undercut American business interests there
What did the United States force Cuba to include as part of its new constitution?
the Platt Amendment
What did the Platt Amendment do?
it limited Cuba's ability to sign treaties with other nations and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs
What did the Platt Amendment require Cuba to sell or lease to the United States?
land for naval and coaling stations - led to the establishment of a U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay
What did the Platt Amendment make Cuba?
a U.S. protectorate
What is a protectorate?
a country under the control and protection of another country
What happened after Cuba accepted the Platt Amendment?
U.S. troops withdrew
What eventually happened to the Platt Amendment?
it was repealed, but the United States retained its lease on the naval base at Guantanamo Bay
What did the United States govern Puerto Rico as?
a territory
What established that the United States would appoint Puerto Rico's governor and the upper house of its legislature?
the Foraker Act
What granted U.S. citzienship to Puerto Ricans and allowed Puerto Rican voters to elect all of their legislative representatives, not just the lower house?
a 1917 law
What did Puerto Rico become in 1952?
a self-governing commonwealth of the United States
What does today's Puerto Rican government have power over?
most of its domestic affairs
What matters in Puerto Rico does the U.S. government still control?
interstate trade, immigration, and military affairs
What happened to the French company that originally tried to build a Panama canal in the 1880s?
it went bankrupt and abandoned the canal
Who began negotiations with Colombia to gain permanent use of the strip of land that the canal would cut through?
John Hay
What did Colombia's senate ratify?
a treaty for a canal zone
Who had been plotting to break free of Colombian rule?
Panamanian revolutionaries
When did the rebellion in Panama begin?
November 2
Who swiftly recognized the Republic of Panama?
the United States
What did a treaty with Panama give the United States?
complete and unending sovereignty over a 10-mile-wide Canal Zone
What hardships were faced by canal workers?
yellow fever and malaria, accidents, lost equipment, and extreme heat
When did American work on the Panama Canal begin?
in May 1904
What hampered construction efforts?
harsh working conditions and shortages of labor and materials
Who did Roosevelt appoint as chief engineer and architect of the Panama canal project?
John F. Stevens
Who tackled the technical problems of the Panama Canal?
John F. Stevens
Who focused on improving sanitation and health during the canal project?
Dr. William C. Gorgas
What was an even greater threat than yellow fever?
malaria
During the first month of U.S. construction activity, what had nearly the entire workforce been stricken with?
malaria
What did sanitation workers do to eliminate mosquitoes?
drained swamps, cleared vegetation, spread oil on pools of standing water, and bred spiders, ants, and lizards to feed on the adult mosquitoes
Who continued the task of coordinating the canal project after John F. Stevens resigned?
Lt. Col. George W. Goethals
Whose efforts led him to be called the Genius of the Panama Canal?
Lt. Col. George W. Goethals
Where were many of the canal workers recruited from?
the British West Indies
What was the first ship to pass officially through the Panama Canal?
the SS Ancon
What did the Monroe Doctrine declare?
the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to further colonization by European nations
For much of the 1800s, what was the Monroe Doctrine?
an idle threat
After the Spanish-American War, what did presidents begin to do, in regard to the Monroe Doctrine?
back it up with military strength - they wanted to protect American economic interests in Latin America
Who invested large sums of money in Latin America, which had a wealth of laborers, consumers, and raw materials?
Europeans and Americans
What did most of the European and American investment in Latin America come in the form of?
high-interest bank loans - many Latin America countries found them difficult to repay
Who was unable to pay its European lenders in 1904?
the Dominican Republic
What did President Roosevelt fear Europeans would use to collect their debts?
force
What did the United States pledge to do in the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?
to use armed forces to prevent any European country from seizing Dominican territory
What did Roosevelt hope to avoid in the Roosevelt Corollary?
a military confrontation
What did the United States do to ensure that the Europeans were repaid?
it took control of collecting all Dominican customs duties
What did the Roosevelt Corollary succeed in?
bringing more stability to the region of the Dominican Republic and keeping other nations out
What did Latin Americans worry about?
continued U.S. involvement in their affairs
During whose presidency did U.S. influence in Latin America deepen?
William H. Taft
What did Taft believe in?
advancing U.S. interests in other countries through dollar diplomacy
What is dollar diplomacy?
a policy of promoting American economic interests in other countries and using that economic power to achieve American policy goals
What did Taft suggest in order to reduce the chances of Europeans interference in Latin America?
that Americans buy out European loans
Where did Americans invest the majority of their money in Latin America?
mines, railroads, and banana and sugar plantations
What did dollar diplomacy cause?
resentment
Where did American banks make loans to the government and become heavily involved in its economy?
Nicaragua
What did President Taft do in Nicaragua to quell an uprising against the authorities?
he sent in U.S. troops
Who rejected the concept of dollar diplomacy?
Woodrow Wilson
What did President Woodrow Wilson favor over dollar diplomacy?
moral diplomacy
What is moral diplomacy?
the use of persuasion and American ideals to advance the nation's interests abroad
What did Wilson do when civil unrest shook Haiti and the Dominican Republic?
sent in troops
Who occupied Haiti and the Dominican Republic for years following civil unrest?
U.S. Marines
Who entered imperialist competition late?
the U.S.A.
Who seemed to be off to a late start in the scramble for colonial possessions?
the U.S.A.
Who were already busily adding new colonies to their empires?
European nations
While European nations were looking toward Africa and Asia, the United States was expanding where?
in North America and the Pacific
Who were the first foreigners to settle in Alaska?
Russian fur traders
Who gave the Russian-American Company a charter to serve as Alaska's government?
Czar Paul I
How did Russian, British, and American fur traders compete under the governance of the Russian-American Company?
amicably
What was becoming scarce by 1867?
sea otters, which had the most valuable fur
Why did Russia offer to sell Alaska to the United States?
it was struggling to recover from the Crimean War
Who was the secretary of state for President Andrew Johnson?
William H. Seward
What did William H. Seward have visions of?
an American empire
What was William H. Seward eager to buy?
Alaska
What did William H. Seward think Alaska had potential as a resource for?
fur, timber, and metals
From where did William H. Seward face opposition in his plans for Alaska?
Congress
What did many people regard Alaska as, being unaware of its rich mineral resources?
a frozen wasteland
How much did William H. Seward buy Alaska for?
$7.2 million
What did critics call Alaska?
Seward's Folly and Seward's Icebox
When did Americans come to appreciate the bargain they'd gotten in Alaska?
after gold and oil were discovered there
Besides Alaska, what else did William H. Seward acquire in the year 1867?
the Midway Islands, strategically located west of Hawaii
Where did industrialized nations compete for territory from the 1870s to the 1910s?
Africa, Asia, and Latin America
What is imperialism?
the extension of a nation's power over other lands
By the late 1800s, what nations had embraced the imperialist spirit?
Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, and Japan
What lead to the imperialist quest for empire?
economic interests, military needs, ideology, and the scramble for territory
What had brought great prosperity to the Western powers?
the Industrial Revolution
What had industrialized nations flooded their own countries with?
goods and investment capital, prompting them to look for new customers and new places to invest
Where did Industrialists begin to look to for new sources of raw materials for their factories?
Africa, Asia, and Latin America
What did Industrialized nations create to defend their shores and protect their trading interests?
strong navies
What do navies need?
bases where ships can refuel and make repairs
What did Industrialized nations want to build on foreign territory?
coaling stations for their navies
What two popular ideologies contributed to imperialism?
a strong sense of nationalism and a feeling of cultural superiority
What is nationalism?
a love of one's country
What did many people feel territorial conquests enhanced?
a nation's power and prestige
Why did Africa, Asia, and Latin America seem "backward" to many Europeans and Americans?
they had less industry and urban development
What fed into the view of cultural superiority?
social Darwinism
What did social Darwinists believe?
when nations competed against one another, only the fittest would survive
What did some people consider a social responsibility?
civilizing" the inhabitants of less developed countries and spreading the benefits of Western society
What did Protestant Christian missionaries feel they had a moral duty to do?
convert others to their beliefs
Who alone ruled about one-quarter of the world's land and population?
the British Empire
What did many Americans believe?
it was time for the United States to claim its own territories abroad
What was a powerful attraction to American imperialism?
the prospect of new markets and military advantages
What else did Americans want to spread?
the Christian faith and democratic values
What Protestant clergyman eloquently expressed the idea of spreading Christianity and civil liberty?
Josiah Strong
What did Americans believe in the mid-1800s?
that it was their manifest destiny to expand westward to the Pacific Ocean
What were the three main causes for U.S. expansionism?
the desire for new markets and raw materials, the desire for naval bases and coaling stations, and the desire to bring Christianity, western-style culture, and democracy to other peoples
What was an ideal spot for coaling stations and naval bases for ships traveling to and from Asia?
Hawaii
Whose voyage brought Hawaii to the attention of the outside world?
Captain James Cook
Who united the eight major islands of Hawaii under his leadership?
Chief Kamehameha
What did Chief Kamehameha establish?
a monarchy and a profitable trade in sandalwood
What crop did missionaries settling in Hawaii begin to raise?
sugarcane
What made sugar planters very rich?
America's sweet tooth
Who resented the Americans' influence over his government and promised to put native Hawaiians back into power?
King Kalakaua
With whom did King Kalakaua ally himself early in his reign in order the strengthen the Hawaiian economy?
landowners
What did the treaty negotiated in 1875 by King Kalakaua allow?
Hawaiian sugar to enter the United States tax free - made Hawaiian sugar cheaper than sugar from other places
What did a group of American business leaders, planters, and traders form?
a secret society called the Hawaiian League
What was the purpose of the Hawaiian League?
to overthrow the monarchy and establish a democracy in Hawaii under the control of Americans
What did the United States want in exchange for renewing the sugar treaty?
the port of Pearl Harbor
What did King Kalakaua refuse to give up?
the independence of any part of Hawaii
What did the Hawaiian League force King Kalakaua to sign at gunpoint?
a new constitution - the king called it the bayonet constitution
What did the bayonet constitution do?
it severely restricted King Kalakaua's power and deprived most Hawaiians of the vote - it also forced King Kalakaua to give Pearl Harbor to the United States
Who now had political control over Hawaii?
American sugar planters
What did the United States revoke in order to support sugar producers on the U.S. mainland?
the sugar treaty with Hawaii
What did American sugar producers in Hawaii believe was their only option to protect their businesses?
to become part of the United States
What did American sugar producers secretly begin with U.S. officials?
talks about annexation
When King Kalakaua died in 1891, who became queen of Hawaii?
Queen Liliuokalani
Who was Queen Liliuokalani?
a Hawaiian nationalist who wanted to do away with the bayonet constitution
What did Queen Liliuokalani announce?
her plan to restore the power of the Hawaiian monarchy
What did members of the business community do in respone to Queen Liliuokalani's plan to restore the Hawaiian monarchy?
they plotted to overthrow her - they wanted the islands to be governed as a territory of the United States
Who was the American minister to Hawaii?
John L. Stevens
Who did John L. Stevens decide to help?
rebel sugar planters
What did John L. Stevens order?
four boatloads of U.S. Marines to go ashore and take up positions around the royal palace, aiming machine guns and cannons at the building
When did Queen Liliuokalani surrender?
when the royal palace was surrounded by U.S. Marines
What did rebel leaders quickly form after Queen Liliuokalani's surrender?
a new regime
What sugar tycoon was the president of the new regime in Hawaii?
Sanford B. Dole
Who formally recognized the new Republic of Hawaii?
John L. Stevens
Who proclaimed Hawaii to be under U.S. protection?
John L. Stevens
What was the Senate considering when John L. Stevens proclaimed Hawaii to be under U.S. protection?
a treaty to annex the islands
Who put the treaty to annex Hawaii on hold and ordered an investigation of the events that went on?
President Grover Cleveland
What did the Hawaii investigator's report do?
it condemned the revolt against Liliuokalani and proposed restoring her to the throne
Who refused to step down in Hawaii?
Sanford B. Dole
What was Cleveland unwilling to use to back Liliuokalani?
military force
Who favored annexation of Hawaii?
William McKinley
What did Hawaii become in 1898?
an American territory
Who established Hawaii as the dominant supplier of the world's canned pineapples?
James Dole
Why did Hawaii attract American interest early on?
it was a convenient place to stop for fuel and supplies on the journey to China
Who strictly controlled foreign trade and stayed nearly isolated from the rest of the world?
China
What was the only Chinese port foreigners were allowed in?
the port of Guangzhou
Who forced China to open five ports to trade?
the British
What did Chinese rulers struggle to keep foreign interests from doing?
overrunning the country
Who took over the island of Taiwan and tried to seize the Liaotung Peninsula?
Japan
What is a sphere of influence?
a geographic area where an outside nation exerts special economic or political control
Who proposed the Open Door Policy?
Secretary of State John Hay
What was the aim of the Open Door Policy?
to give all nations equal trading rights in China
What grew in China as a result of foreign countries now vying for business in China?
antiforeigner sentiments
Who began attacking foreign missionaries and Chinese Christians?
the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists
What was the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists known as to westerners?
Boxers
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
a siege by the Boxers to the city of Beijing
Who helped quell the Boxer Rebellion?
western nations
What did China sign as a response to the western nations' help in quelling the Boxer Rebellion?
a humbling settlement agreement
What did the Boxer Rebellion increase?
support for Hay's Open Door Policy
What did Western nations realize would hurt their ability to exploit the Chinese trade?
competition among themselves
Who pressured Japan to open its ports to trade?
the U.S.
Who sent Matthew Perry to Japan?
President Millard Fillmore
Where did Matthew Perry go with a fleet of four ships?
Edo (Tokyo) Bay in Japan
What did the Japanese government know it couldn't defend itself against?
a modern navy
What did the Japanese government realize it couldn't maintain?
its isolated position in the world
What did Japan embark on after agreeing to a treaty that opened Japan to trade with the United States?
a program of rapid modernization
What war saw Japan emerge as a major power?
the Russo-Japanese War
Who helped negotiate the Treaty of Portsmouth to end the Russo-Japanese War?
President Theodore Roosevelt
Who was a rival to the United States for influence in China and the Pacific region?
Japan
What did Japan have fewer of when compared to other imperialist nations?
natural resources
Why did the Japanese government want to expand?
for territory and to counterbalance U.S. expansion in the Pacific
Who decided to impress upon Japan just how powerful the U.S. military was?
Roosevelt
What was the Great White Fleet?
four squadrons of battleships the embarked on an around-the-world journey
Who led the Great White Fleet?
Rear Admiral Charles Sperry
What gave the United States a new role as a world power?
a quick victory in the Spanish-American War
What two people owned rival newspapers that were competing fiercely?
William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
How did the newspapers of William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Putlizer try to woo readers?
by using sensational stories and blaring banner headlines
Who was to send Hearst drawings of war scenes in the Cuban rebellion against Spanish rule?
Frederic Remington
Who was to write dramatic stories of the Cuban rebellion?
Richard Harding Davis
What did Remington find was happening in Cuba?
not much in the way of a war
Who wrote a book about his life as a foreign correspondent for Hearst?
James Creelman
By the 1890s Spain had lost all of its colonies in the Western Hemisphere except for what?
Cuba and Puerto Rico
Who in particular were not happy to be part of Spain's empire?
Cubans
What had Cubans been launching against Spanish rule?
series of revolts
How did Spain respond to Cuban revolts?
by exiling leaders of the independence movement
Who was exiled from Cuba and moved to New York to continue to promote independence?
Jose Marti
How did Jose Marti urge Cubans to fight for their freedom?
through newspaper articles and poetry
What did Jose Marti found?
the Cuban Revolutionary Party
Who did Spain send to suppress Cuban rebels?
General Valeriano Weyler
How did General Valeriano Weyler keep civilians from aiding Cuban rebels?
by forcing them into camps controlled by the Spanish army
What did Americans liken Cuba's struggle to?
their own during the American Revolution
What were the two most widely read papers?
the New York Journal by William Randolph Hearst and the New York World by Joseph Pulitzer
What did the New York Journal and New York World tell?
scandalous stories with large, shocking illustrations
What was yellow journalism?
the style of sensationalist, scandalous reporting
What did Hearst feel strongly?
that the United States should intervene in Cuba
Who was reluctant at first to involve the United States in the conflict between Cuba and Spain?
President William McKinley
Who was Enrique Dupuy de Lome?
Spain's minister to the United States
What did the de Lome letter do?
it ridiculed McKinley for being "weak and catering to the rabble
What did the Journal call the de Lome letter?
the worst insult to the United States in its history
What brought U.S. relations with Spain to a breaking point?
a violent tragedy in Havana Harbor
What battleship had been sent to Havana to protect American lives and property?
USS Maine
What happened on February 15, 1898?
the Maine mysteriously blew up, killing 260 soldiers
Who did Americans blame for the explosion of the USS Maine?
Spain
What do historians now believe caused the explosion of the Maine?
a fire in a coal storage room
What became the rallying cty of American war supporters?
Remember the Maine!
What did President McKinley demand of Spain?
that it grant Cuba its independence
When did Congress declare war on Spain?
April 25, 1898
How long did the Spanish-American war last?
about 4 months
On what two fronts was the Spanish-American war fought?
Cuba and the Philippines
What position did Theodore Roosevelt hold when the U.S. declared war on Spain?
assistant secretary of the navy
Who was Commodore George Dewey?
the commander of the U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron
What was Dewey's assignment, secretly sent to him by Roosevelt?
to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines if war broke out between the United States and Spain
Where did Dewey's squadron rush once he had received word that war had been declared?
Manila Bay in the Philippines
When did the Spanish fleet open fire on American forces?
May 1, 1898
Why did Dewey have his sailors initially hold their fire?
he did not want to waste ammunition because the nearest American point of resupply was California
Who did George Dewey tell to fire when they were ready?
Charles Gridley
What advantage did Americans have over Spain?
modern ships with iron and steel hulls, as well as superior weaponry
What types of ships did Spain have?
old-fashioned wooden ones
What did Gridley report two hours into the battle?
that the Olympia was low on ammunition
What did Dewey decide in response to Gridley's low-ammunition report?
to withdraw from battle so that the ships could redistribute their remaining supplies
To keep morale up during the withdrawal, what did Dewey tell his men?
they were taking a break to eat breakfast
What did Dewey learn during the alleged breakfast break?
that the report about ammunition was incorrect and that the Olympia had plenty of supplies for the rest of the battle
When did the American fleet resume fighting?
shortly before noon
What had happened to the Spanish fleet?
it was ablaze and sinking
How many American lives were lost in the Battle of Manila Bay?
none
How many Spanish lives were lost or injured in the Battle of Manila Bay?
nearly 400
What did Dewey begin doing after the decisive victory in the Battle of Manila Bay?
he began planning an attack on the capital city of Manila
Who was the leader of a rebel army of Filipino patriots that partnered with Dewey?
Emilio Aguinaldo
How long had Filipinos been fighting for independence from Spain?
2 years
While Dewey's warships remained in the harbor, who captured Manila?
Aguinaldo's army
Why did Spanish forces in the Philippines surrender on August 14, 1898?
they were cut off by Dewey's fleet and surrounded by Aguinaldo's rebels
What had Congress done days before declaring war on Spain?
recognized Cuba's independence and adopted the Teller Amendment
What did the Teller Amendment state?
that once Cuba freed itself from Spanish rule, the United States would "leave the government and control of the Island to its people
What proved difficult to achieve?
victory in Cuba
What was not as prepared as it should have been for the Spanish-American war?
the U.S. War Department
What did the U.S. War Department stupidly equip soldiers with for a summer war in a tropical climate?
woolen uniforms
Where did the mess pans come from?
they were left over from the Civil War
What did soldiers call the sickening canned meat in Cuba?
embalmed beef
Who made up most the soldiers who fought in Cuba?
enlisted men, also called regulars
Besides regulars, who else fought in Cuba?
many volunteers
Who were the most famous volunteers who fought in Cuba?
the Rough Riders
What was the Rough Riders?
a regiment organized by Theodore Roosevelt after he left his navy post
Who joined the Rough Riders?
adventurous college athletes, cowboys, ranchers, and miners
How did the Rough Riders expect to fight?
on horseback
Why did the Rough Riders have to leave their horses behind in America?
the transport ships to Cuba were overbooked
What did the Rough Riders end up functioning as instead of as a cavalry?
foot soldiers
What was the American strategy in Cuba?
to capture the port city of Santiago
What did U.S. troops need to control to capture Santiago?
the hills around the city
What hill did a U.S. division seize on July 1 after a 4-hour fight?
El Caney
What two hills took some 8,000 U.S. troops to fight for control?
the Kettle and San Juan hills
Who led the charge on Kettle and San Juan Hill?
experienced African American soldiers of the Ninth and Tenth Cavalries
What were the African American soldiers known as?
Buffalo soldiers
By nightfall, what did U.S. troops control in the Battle of San Juan Hill?
the ridge above Santiago
What did six Buffalo soldiers and two Rough Riders receive for their heroic actions in the Battle of San Juan Hill?
the Medal of Honor
What did the U.S. Navy do in the Battle of Santiago on July 3rd?
sunk the entire Spanish fleet
What happened soon after the Battle of Santiago?
Spanish troops in Cuba surrendered, and U.S. troops defeated Spanish forces in Puerto Rico
How did the terms of peace prove for Spain?
costly
What did the terms of peace require Spain to give up all claims to?
Cuba
What did the terms of peace require Spain to cede to the United States?
Puerto Rico and Guam
What did Spain turn over to the U.S. in exchange for a $20 million payment?
the Philippines
Who described the Spanish-American War as "a splendid little war?
John Hay, the ambassador to Great Britain
What did the Spanish-American War cost the U.S.?
roughly $250 million and the lives of 2,000 soldiers, most of whom died from yellow fever
Who noted that although the Spanish-American War was very brief, "its results were many, startling, and of world-wide meaning?
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts
Into the ranks of what did the United States move after the Spanish-American War?
imperialist nations
What did its new overseas territories give the United States?
more bases for trade and for resupplying its navy
What did the United States do a year after the Spanish-American War?
capitalized on its new economic and military strength and acquired the Pacific island of Samoa
What did Expansionists express delight over?
the country's growing power
What troubled many Americans?
the quest for empire
What controversy raged in the United States following the Spanish-American War?
whether or not we should annex the Philippines
What were some Americans uneasy with?
the idea of controlling overseas territories
What did some Americans believe in regard to imperialism?
that it not only made the United States stronger but also benefited those under colonial rule
What did some people who favored annexation believe?
that the United States had a duty to spread its values overseas
Who spoke of the need "to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them?
President McKinley
What did some Americans want the Philippines for?
their economic and strategic value
What would the Philippines be useful as?
a place to refuel and resupply ships
Why did many expansionists want to annex the Philippines?
so that it didn't fall into the hands of Germany, Japan, or another nation
What did some people reason that annexation would violate?
the ideal of self-government - the foundation of the American system
What did people who opposed annexing the Philippines form?
the Anti-Imperialist League in June 1898
What did many African Americans worry would be exported to the Philippines?
oppression
What group of activists argued that with racism and violence still painfully common at home, "the duty of the President and country is to reform these crying domestic wrongs and not attempt the civilization of alien peoples by powder and shot?
the Colored Citizens of Boston
What did some Americans fear that annexing the Philippines would open the doors to?
a flood of new immigrants
What did Samuel Gompers believe would hurt American workers?
a flood of new immigrants
What did the Senate narrowly approve after a fierce debate?
a treaty calling for annexation of the Philippines
How did Filipino nationalists react to the treaty calling for the annexation of the Philippines?
they were infuriated
What had Emilio Aguinaldo done after the Spanish-American War?
he had set up a government and proclaimed himself president of the new Philippine Republic
What did Emilio Aguinaldo warn?
that he was prepared to take military action if the United States tried to assume control of the Philippines
What broke out, to no one's surprise?
fighting
Who battled U.S. soldiers?
Filipino independence fighters
What happened to Emilio Aguinaldo?
he was finally captured by Americans and forced from power in 1901
What was the stated goal of the United States in taking over the Philippines?
to prepare the islands for independence
Although Congress put a U.S.-appointed governor in charge, what were Filipinos allowed?
a voice in governing
When did the United States finally grant full independence to the Philippines?
July 4, 1946 - three decades later
What did the United States begin to exert in the wake of the Spanish-American War?
its influence over Latin America
What was Theodore Roosevelt a man of?
action and vigorous foreign policy
What West African proverb did Roosevelt often quote?
Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far
What was Roosevelt's "big stick?
naval power
As president, what did Roosevelt build up?
the Great White Fleet
What was Roosevelt's dream?
a canal that would let ships sail between the Atlantic and the Pacific without going around South America
What was the canal site?
Panama, which was then a province of Colombia
For what did Colombian diplomats agree to lease a canal zone across Panama?
a one-time payment of $10-million and a yearly fee of $250,000
Who rejected the U.S.'s offer for a canal zone and demanded more money?
the Colombian senate
What did various groups with a stake in the canal do?
they stepped in to encourage a revolution in Panama
What battleship lingered off the coast of Panama?
the USS Nashville
Who landed in Colombia to supposedly "maintain order," but really just prevented Colombian troops from stopping the rebels?
American marines
What did the government of newly independent Panama agree to?
the original treaty offered to Colombia
What did President McKinley set up in Cuba and Puerto Rico after the war in order to restore order and protect American investments?
military governments
Who did McKinley appoint as governor of Cuba?
Leonard Wood
What disease had reached epidemic levels among American troops in Cuba?
yellow fever
What two American doctors studied the problem of yellow fever?
Walter Reed and William C. Gorgas
Who theorized that mosquitoes spread yellow fever?
Carlos Juan Finlay
Who proved Finlay's theory of mosquitoes spreading yellow fever?
Reed and Gorgas
What did William C. Gorgas organize?
a plan to drain all pools of standing water, where mosquitoes bred
Who oversaw the drafting of a new Cuban constitution in 1901?
Leonard Wood
With what did the U.S. declare that it would not annex Cuba?
the Teller Amendment
What did Americans fear other imperialist nations might do in Cuba?
try to take control of Cuba or undercut American business interests there
What did the United States force Cuba to include as part of its new constitution?
the Platt Amendment
What did the Platt Amendment do?
it limited Cuba's ability to sign treaties with other nations and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs
What did the Platt Amendment require Cuba to sell or lease to the United States?
land for naval and coaling stations - led to the establishment of a U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay
What did the Platt Amendment make Cuba?
a U.S. protectorate
What is a protectorate?
a country under the control and protection of another country
What happened after Cuba accepted the Platt Amendment?
U.S. troops withdrew
What eventually happened to the Platt Amendment?
it was repealed, but the United States retained its lease on the naval base at Guantanamo Bay
What did the United States govern Puerto Rico as?
a territory
What established that the United States would appoint Puerto Rico's governor and the upper house of its legislature?
the Foraker Act
What granted U.S. citzienship to Puerto Ricans and allowed Puerto Rican voters to elect all of their legislative representatives, not just the lower house?
a 1917 law
What did Puerto Rico become in 1952?
a self-governing commonwealth of the United States
What does today's Puerto Rican government have power over?
most of its domestic affairs
What matters in Puerto Rico does the U.S. government still control?
interstate trade, immigration, and military affairs
What happened to the French company that originally tried to build a Panama canal in the 1880s?
it went bankrupt and abandoned the canal
Who began negotiations with Colombia to gain permanent use of the strip of land that the canal would cut through?
John Hay
What did Colombia's senate ratify?
a treaty for a canal zone
Who had been plotting to break free of Colombian rule?
Panamanian revolutionaries
When did the rebellion in Panama begin?
44867
Who swiftly recognized the Republic of Panama?
the United States
What did a treaty with Panama give the United States?
complete and unending sovereignty over a 10-mile-wide Canal Zone
What hardships were faced by canal workers?
yellow fever and malaria, accidents, lost equipment, and extreme heat
When did American work on the Panama Canal begin?
in May 1904
What hampered construction efforts?
harsh working conditions and shortages of labor and materials
Who did Roosevelt appoint as chief engineer and architect of the Panama canal project?
John F. Stevens
Who tackled the technical problems of the Panama Canal?
John F. Stevens
Who focused on improving sanitation and health during the canal project?
Dr. William C. Gorgas
What was an even greater threat than yellow fever?
malaria
During the first month of U.S. construction activity, what had nearly the entire workforce been stricken with?
malaria
What did sanitation workers do to eliminate mosquitoes?
drained swamps, cleared vegetation, spread oil on pools of standing water, and bred spiders, ants, and lizards to feed on the adult mosquitoes
Who continued the task of coordinating the canal project after John F. Stevens resigned?
Lt. Col. George W. Goethals
Whose efforts led him to be called the Genius of the Panama Canal?
Lt. Col. George W. Goethals
Where were many of the canal workers recruited from?
the British West Indies
What was the first ship to pass officially through the Panama Canal?
the SS Ancon
What did the Monroe Doctrine declare?
the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to further colonization by European nations
For much of the 1800s, what was the Monroe Doctrine?
an idle threat
After the Spanish-American War, what did presidents begin to do, in regard to the Monroe Doctrine?
back it up with military strength - they wanted to protect American economic interests in Latin America
Who invested large sums of money in Latin America, which had a wealth of laborers, consumers, and raw materials?
Europeans and Americans
What did most of the European and American investment in Latin America come in the form of?
high-interest bank loans - many Latin America countries found them difficult to repay
Who was unable to pay its European lenders in 1904?
the Dominican Republic
What did President Roosevelt fear Europeans would use to collect their debts?
force
What did the United States pledge to do in the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?
to use armed forces to prevent any European country from seizing Dominican territory
What did Roosevelt hope to avoid in the Roosevelt Corollary?
a military confrontation
What did the United States do to ensure that the Europeans were repaid?
it took control of collecting all Dominican customs duties
What did the Roosevelt Corollary succeed in?
bringing more stability to the region of the Dominican Republic and keeping other nations out
What did Latin Americans worry about?
continued U.S. involvement in their affairs
During whose presidency did U.S. influence in Latin America deepen?
William H. Taft
What did Taft believe in?
advancing U.S. interests in other countries through dollar diplomacy
What is dollar diplomacy?
a policy of promoting American economic interests in other countries and using that economic power to achieve American policy goals
What did Taft suggest in order to reduce the chances of Europeans interference in Latin America?
that Americans buy out European loans
Where did Americans invest the majority of their money in Latin America?
mines, railroads, and banana and sugar plantations
What did dollar diplomacy cause?
resentment
Where did American banks make loans to the government and become heavily involved in its economy?
Nicaragua
What did President Taft do in Nicaragua to quell an uprising against the authorities?
he sent in U.S. troops
Who rejected the concept of dollar diplomacy?
Woodrow Wilson
What did President Woodrow Wilson favor over dollar diplomacy?
moral diplomacy
What is moral diplomacy?
the use of persuasion and American ideals to advance the nation's interests abroad
What did Wilson do when civil unrest shook Haiti and the Dominican Republic?
sent in troops
Who occupied Haiti and the Dominican Republic for years following civil unrest?
U.S. Marines