encomienda
Spanish system in which a colonist received land and Native American workers to whom he was required to teach Christianity
Hern�n Cort�s
Spanish explorer and conqueror of Mexico's Aztec empire
conquistador
Spanish term for conqueror; name for Spanish military leaders who fought against the native peoples of the Americas
Moctezuma II
Aztec emperor at the time of Cort�s's conquest of Mexico
Francisco Pizarro
conqueror of Inca Empire in Peru for the Spanish
Atahualpa
ruler of Inca Empire killed by Spanish invaders led by Pizarro
viceroys
officials who ruled large areas of Spain's American colonies in the king's name
Bartolom� de las Casas
Spanish priest who criticized treatment of Native Americans,
suggesting that slaves from Africa be used as laborers instead
Treaty of Tordesillas
treaty signed in 1493 dividing the Americas between Spain and
Portugal along an imaginary line
Spain
Which European country conquered the Aztecs and the Incas, the Americas' two greatest native empires?
encomienda
Under the ? system, a colonist was given land and a number of Native Americans to work the land for him. In return, the colonist was required to teach the native workers about Christianity.
Aztec
Hern�n Cort�s was the conquistador who conquered the ? Empire.
Francisco Pizarro
Peru was conquered by ? , a Spanish conquistador
Africa
Bartolom� de Las Casas tried to protect the Native Americans from being mistreated by the Spanish conquerors and recommended replacing the Native American workers with slaves from ?
Brazil
Due to the Treaty of Tordesillas, Portugal's only colony in the Americas was ?
Canada
France established several colonies in an area known as New France, or ?
England
Which European country ended up with more territory in North American after the French and Indian War?
Spain
Among the first countries to successfully settle in the Americas was ?, which eventually conquered the two greatest native
empires of the Americas, the Aztecs and Incas
Hispaniola and Cuba
The first areas settled by the Spanish were Caribbean islands
such as ?
gold; disappointed
When Columbus first arrived in the area, he had hoped to find
huge quantities of ? and was ?
encomienda
However, the Spanish still hoped to make his discovery profitable by introducing the ? system to the Caribbean
Hern�n Cort�s
One such person was ?, who led an expedition to Mexico that ended with the conquest of the Aztec Empire
conquistador
Cort�s was a ?, or conqueror, a term applied to Spanish military leaders who fought against the native peoples of the Americas
Moctezuma II
At the time of the Spanish arrival in Mexico, the Aztec emperor was ?
unpopular
Though the Aztecs were very powerful and ruled much of Mexico, they were ? with those they had conquered
joined
By the time he reached the Aztec capital, Tenochtitl�n, Cort�s's small band of Spanish soldiers had been ? by thousands of Native Americans who wanted to defeat the Aztecs
Malintzin or Malinche
Among the Native Americans who joined Cort�s was a woman named ? who was able to speak the Aztec language and became a translator for Cort�s
metal weapons, heavy armor, guns, horses
things that Cort�s had that had never be seen by the Aztec before
terror
Some Aztecs were so scared at their first sight of the horses that they fled in ?
disease
As it had in the Caribbean, ? also swept through the Aztec Empire, killing thousands of people
prisoner; killed
Moctezuma was taken ? and eventually was ? in a battle
Francisco Pizarro
About 10 years after the conquest of the Aztecs, a conquistador named ? led an expedition to Peru
fabulous wealth; himself
Pizarro had heard of the ? of Peru's Inca Empire, and he hoped to win some of that wealth for ?
Smallpox
The Inca Empire that Pizarro found was already weakened significantly. ? had recently swept through, killing many people, including the emperor.
civil war; Atahualpa
in the wake of the Inca emperor's death, ? had broken out. A
new ruler, ?, had only just taken control of the empire when the Spanish arrived
refused; prisoner
Atahualpa ? to hand over his Inca empire to Pizarro and was taken ?
huge fortune
Though Atahualpa gave Pizarro a ? in gold and silver, the Spanish killed him and headed south to Cuzco, the Inca capital and took over the Inca Empire
viceroys
To govern his American holdings, the Spanish king chose officials called ?, each of whom ruled a large area in the king's name
gold and silver; farming
The Spanish colonial economy was based largely on the mining of ?, though ? was also common
Native Americans
For labor in both mines and on farms, the Spanish drafted ?
90%; 50; 4
However, disease and mistreatment took a toll on the native population, which dropped by more than ? from an estimated ? million to only ? million
appalled; protect
Some Spaniards were ? at the treatment of Native Americans and called on others to ? those who remained
Bartolom� de Las Casas
The most vocal of these reformers was a priest named ?
African slaves
In seeking to protect the Native Americans, however, Las Casas recommended replacing them as laborers with imported ?
common
Slave labor soon became a ? practice in the Americas
Treaty of Tordesillas
The ?, signed in 1494, drew an imaginary line through the Atlantic
west; east
The Treaty of Tordesillas states that everything ? of the line would belong to Spain and everything ? of the line would belong to Portugal
Brazil
Of the Americas, only ? remained as a Portuguese colony.
jungles
Brazil's heavy ? made both mining and farming difficult, so the Portuguese were in no hurry to settle there
huge farming estates
When colonists did finally arrive, they established ? similar to those in the Spanish lands.
Native American; African slaves
Like the Spanish, the Portuguese first used ? labor and then ? to work on their farms
New France or Canada
French explorers had established several colonies in an area known as ?
trade goods
French found other potentially valuable ?
fish
the waters of the North Atlantic were swarming with ?, a staple of the European diet
furs
In addition, the forests yielded valuable ?, such as Fox, lynx, otter, and beaver
large
Unlike the Spanish and Portuguese, the French did not send ? numbers of colonists to the Americas
small
the French population in North America remained ?
enslave
Also unlike the Spanish and Portuguese, the French did not ? Native Americans
allies
In fact, Native American hunters were the French traders' main source of furs, and they often became ?
married
Many French traders even ? Native American women, intermingling the two cultures
Samuel de Champlain
French who founded the city of Quebec in 1608
Ren�-Robert La Salle
French who canoed down the entire Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico and named the area Louisiana, after king, Louis XIV
trade
Like the French, the Dutch colonists who came to North
America were mostly interested in ?
New Netherland
The only large Dutch colony in North America was ?, located in the Hudson River valley
New Amsterdam
In 1626 the governor of New Netherland bought the island of Manhattan from the Wappinger people and founded the city
of ?, which later became New York City
4,000
The settlement of Dutch remained small for some time, with fewer than ? people in all of New Netherland in the 1650s.
developing
One reason that New Netherland did not grow was that the Dutch were more focused on ? their colonies in other parts of the world
sugar
Dutch colonies in the Caribbean produced ?
spices
Even more valuable were the ? that the Dutch imported from their colonies in southeast Asia
Jamestown
The first English colony was established at ?, Virginia, in 1607
marshy ground and impure water
The settlers of Jamestown hoped to find gold and silver and possibly a river route to the Pacific. Instead, they found ?
80%
Some ? of the settlers of Jamestown died during their first winter in America
Pilgrims
In 1620 another group of settlers called the ? sailed from England who had been persecuted in England for their
religious beliefs
Plymouth, Massachusetts
Pilgrims established a colony at ?
5
Despite initial difficulties, the Pilgrims persevered, and the settlement was self-sufficient within ? years
distrust; anger
Although both the Jamestown and Plymouth colonies had received aid from local peoples during their early years, most English colonists viewed the Native Americans with ? or even ?
Ohio River valley
In the mid-1700s English colonists began attempting to settle in French territory in the upper ?
French and Indian War
war between English settlers and French settlers with Native Americans
British; soldiers
At first, the war went badly for the ?, because French had many more ? in America than they did
Quebec
Before long, however, the British had turned the tide, taking the city of ?
Canada; east
Eventually, the French surrendered, yielding to England not only ? but all French territory ? of the Mississippi River
costly
Although the British now controlled much more of North America than they had before, the war had been very ?
American colonists
The English king tried to place the costs of the war on his ?, which led to resentment on their part.
American Revolution
Eventually, the resentment of the American colonists helped bring about the ?